Federal government
This 1803 case established the Supreme Court's power of judicial review, allowing it to determine whether government actions violate the Constitution.
What is Marbury v. Madison?
This case ruled that government sponsored prayer in public schools violated the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment.
What is Engel v. Vitale?
This landmark case ruled that racial segregation in public schools violated the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.
What is Brown v. Board of Education?
This World War I-era case held that First Amendment speech protections were not unlimited and developed the clear-and-present-danger approach.
What is Schenck v. United States?
This case involved Maryland's attempt to tax the national bank, and the Supreme Court ruled that states could not interfere with valid federal actions.
What is McCulloch v. Maryland?
This case involved students wearing black armbands to protest the Vietnam War and established that students retain First Amendment speech rights in public schools.
What is Tinker v. Des Moines?
This case allowed a constitutional challenge to a congressional district in which race had been used as the primary factor in drawing its boundaries.
What is Shaw v. Reno?
This case held that independent political spending by corporations, associations, and labor unions can receive protection under the First Amendment.
What is Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission?
This case limited Congress's power under the Commerce Clause by ruling that possession of a gun in a school zone was not sufficiently connected to interstate commerce.
What is United States v. Lopez?
This case involved the government's attempt to prevent newspapers from publishing classified information about the Vietnam War and strongly protected freedom of the press.
What is New York Times Co. v. United States?
This case established that states must provide an attorney to criminal defendants who cannot afford one when facing serious charges.
What is Gideon v. Wainwright?
This case established judicial review, giving the Supreme Court the authority to determine whether government actions are constitutional.
What is Marbury v. Madison?
This case ruled that federal courts could hear challenges to unequal legislative districts under the Equal Protection Clause.
What is Baker v. Carr?
This case ruled that Wisconsin's requirement that Amish students attend school beyond eighth grade violated their religious freedom under the First Amendment.
What is Wisconsin v. Yoder?
This case ruled that the Second Amendment right to keep and bear arms for self-defense applies to state and local governments.
What is McDonald v. Chicago?
These three cases demonstrate different First Amendment protections: student speech, freedom from government-sponsored religion, and the free exercise of religion.
What are Tinker v. Des Moines, Engel v. Vitale, and Wisconsin v. Yoder?