Plate Tectonics
Subduction
What is the process where one tectonic plate is forced beneath another into the mantle?
Mantle
What is the layer of hot, slowly moving rock beneath the crust?
Shield Volcano
What type of volcano has broad, gentle slopes and basaltic eruptions?
Focus
What is the point inside Earth where an earthquake starts?
Epicentre
What is the point on Earth’s surface directly above the focus?
Tsunami Wave
What is the displacement of the ocean water column cased by undersea earthquakes, landslides, or eruptions?
Crest
What is the highest point of a wave?
Convection Current
What are the circular flows of mantle material that drive plate motion?
Magma
What is molten rock beneath Earth’s surface?
Stratovolcano
What type of volcano is steep, cone-shaped, and common in subduction zones?
Strike Slip Fault
What type of fault slides sideways, like the Alpine Fault?
Normal Fault
What type of fault has the hanging wall moving down relative to the footwall?
Gravitational Potential Energy
What is the stored energy due to height, such as a rock on a cliff?
Wavelength
What is the distance between two wave crests?
Alpine Fault
What is the major strike slip fault running almost the entire length of the South Island?
Basalt Magma
What is the low-silica, runny magma type that erupts at hot spots and diverging plate boundaries?
Rhyolite Magma
What is the high-silica, viscous magma type often causing explosive eruptions?
Elastic Limit
What is the maximum stress a rock can withstand before it breaks?
Reverse Fault
What type of fault has the hanging wall moving up relative to the footwall?
Kinetic Energy
What is the energy of motion, such as a moving tsunami wave?
Amplitude
What is the maximum height of a wave above its normal sea level position?
Hikurangi Subduction Zone
What is the subduction zone off the east coast of the North Island where the pacific plate is subducting under the australian plate?
Andesite Magma
What is the medium-silica magma type formed at subduction zones when basalt magma mixes with the crust?
Caldera
What is the large volcanic depression formed when the ground collapses after an eruption?
Fault
What is the fracture in Earth’s crust where movement occurs?
Magnitude
What is the measure of the energy released during an earthquake?
Shoaling
What is the increase in wave height as tsunami waves slow in shallow water?
Runup Height
What is the maximum vertical height reached by a tsunami on land?
Puysegur Subduction Zone
What is the subduction zone south of Fiordland where the Australian plate is subducting under the Pacific plate?
Hot Spot
What is the mantle plume that creates volcanic activity away from plate boundaries?
Pyroclastic Flow
What is the fast-moving cloud of hot gas and volcanic material that rushes down volcano slopes?
Liquefaction
What process occurs when ground shaking makes sediments settle and pushes water up to the surface?
Mercalli Scale
What is the scale that measures the effects of an earthquake on people and structures?
Inundation
What is the inland distance tsunami water travels after reaching the shore?
Funneling
What is the effect that makes tsunami waves grow taller when bays or coastlines narrow?