Papal Power & Church Authority
This institution became one of the most powerful forces in medieval Europe, influencing kings, laws, and daily life.
What is the Catholic Church?
These were religious wars led by Christian armies to regain control of Jerusalem and the Holy Land.
What were the Crusades?
Medieval universities first emerged from these earlier educational institutions.
What were cathedral and monastic schools?
This saint founded the Franciscan Order and emphasized poverty, humility, and simplicity.
Who was St. Francis of Assisi?
This movement sought to improve clerical discipline, purity, and Church authority.
What is the Gregorian Reform?
This agreement in 1122 ended the Investiture Controversy and separated spiritual and secular authority.
What is the Concordat of Worms?
One major goal of the Crusades was to protect these travelers to holy sites.
Who were Christian pilgrims?
This method of theology sought to understand faith through reason and logic.
What is Scholasticism?
This women’s religious order was founded by Clare of Assisi.
Who were the Poor Clares?
This council declared clerical marriages invalid.
What is the First Lateran Council?
This pope (1198–1216) expanded papal authority over kings and called the Fourth Lateran Council.
Who was Pope Innocent III?
This Cistercian monk preached the Second Crusade in 1146.
Who was Bernard of Clairvaux?
This ancient philosopher’s ideas strongly influenced Scholastic theology.
Who was Aristotle?
This order focused on preaching and education to combat heresy.
Who were the Dominicans?
This archbishop was murdered in Canterbury Cathedral after clashing with King Henry II.
Who was Thomas Becket?
This pope organized the Papal Inquisition and issued the Decretals, strengthening canon law.
Who was Pope Gregory IX?
The Crusades increased contact between Europe and this region, boosting trade and cultural exchange.
What is the Middle East?
This work by Thomas Aquinas reaffirmed the role of Scholasticism in Church teaching.
What is Summa Theologica?
This Dominican theologian wrote the Summa Theologica and developed the Five Ways.
Who was St. Thomas Aquinas?
This Church-run system investigated and corrected heresy in the 13th century.
What is the Inquisition?
This council required a two-thirds majority of cardinals to elect a pope and helped stabilize the papacy.
What is the Third Lateran Council?
Despite strengthening Christian unity, the Crusades also caused long-lasting tension with this religious group.
Who were Muslims?
This teaching method used lectures, disputations, and debate to train clergy and theologians.
What is Scholastic theology?
This Franciscan theologian emphasized mystical theology and divine illumination.
Who was St. Bonaventure?
This council defined transubstantiation and required annual confession and communion.
What is the Fourth Lateran Council?