Heritable changes in genetic information caused by errors in genetic processes
100
What is a chromosomal mutation?
Changes in the number or structure of chromosomes
100
How can genetic information get altered?
Genetic material can be altered by natural events (environment) or artificial means
200
What is substitution?
A type of mutation in which one base is changed to a different base
200
Which genetic mutations are considered frameshift mutations?
Insertion & Deletion
200
What are the two types of mutations?
Genetic & Chromosomal
200
What are the four types of chromosomal mutations?
Deletion, Duplication, Inversion, Translocation
200
What do mutations effect?
Mutations can affect a single organism or a whole species
300
What are insertions & deletions?
Type of mutation in which one or more bases is inserted/deleted into/from the DNA sequence
300
What are the effects of substitution?
Effects a single amino acid or has no effect at all
300
What is Duplication?
The production of a copy of all or part of a chromosome
300
What is Deletion?
The loss of all or part of a chromosome
300
What are the harmful effects of mutations?
Dramatic changes in protein structure or genetic activity - which disrupts normal activities in the body of the organism, which can cause genetic disorders
400
What is a frameshift mutation?
Mutation that shifts the "reading frame" of the genetic message by inserting or deleting a nucleotide
400
What are the effects of deletions and insertions?
Genetic code is read 3 bases at a time so everything is shifted - changes amino acid combinations
400
What is Inversion?
Reversal of directions of part of a chromosome
400
What is Translocation?
When one part of the chromosome breaks off and attaches to a different part
400
What are the beneficial effects of mutations?
Production proteins with changed functions, which can help organisms in environmental changes
500
What is a point mutation?
Gene mutations that involve changes in one or a few nucleotides
500
Which type of genetic mutations create the biggest effect on the genes? Why?
Frameshift Mutations - alter amino acid combinations
500
Which type of mutations have the biggest effect?
Chromosomal Mutations - genes are created on chromosomes therefore able to alter giant chunks of the genetic sequence
500
What are the effects of Chromosomal Mutations?
Mutations may change the location of genes on chromosomes, which may change the number of copies of some genes