Basics of basics
Most important way to prevent indirect contact transmission
what is Handwashing
narrowed airways, "stiff lungs", a stiff chest
Common causes of increased work of breathing
measures hemoglobin saturation using spectrophotometry
oximetry
list steps in reviewing a chest film
identify name on he radiograph, review the technique and quality, systemically review the anatomic structures to assess their normality or abnormality
Seasonal visitation rules (no young children), masks for anyone who shows any signs, hand hygiene, 3 feet of physical space
respiratory hygiene/cough etiquette control measures
completely irregular breathing pattern with variable periods of apnea caused by damage to the Medulla
Ataxic breathing
motion artifact, abnormal hemoglobins, intravascular dyes, low perfusion states, skin pigmentation, nail polish
Factors affecting SpO2 accuracy
conventional CT scanning used to evaluate
lung nodules or masses, great vessels and mediastinum, pleural disease
sensory and emotional factors, environmental factors, verbal and nonverbal components of the communication process, cultural and other internal values beliefs feelings habits and preoccupations of both the RT and the patient
Factors affecting communication between the RT and the patient
clustering of rapid, shallow breaths coupled with regular or irregular periods of apnea caused by damage to the medulla or pons caused by stroke or trauma and/or severe intracranial hypertension
Biot respiration
assesses balance between oxygen delivery and utilization as indirect index of global tissue oxygenation and perfusion
venous oximetry
advanced chest imaging techniques
CT, HRCT, CT angiography, Three-dimensional reconstruction
explain difference between Pulsus Paradoxus and Pulsus Alternans
Pulsus Paradoxus- a significant decrease in pulse strength (>10mmHg) during spontaneous inspiration
Pulsus Alternans- altering succession of strong and weak pulses
breaths increase and decrease in depth and rate with periods of apnea and is a variant of "periodic breathing" caused most often by severe damage to bilateral cerebral hemispheres and basal ganglia
Cheyne-stokes respiration
has 2 techniques mainstream that places an analysis chamber in the patient's breathing circuit and side stream that pumps small volumes of gas from circuit into nearby nebulizer
capnometry
_____ used to evaluate diffuse parenchymal lung diseases such as
HRCT, interstitial lung disease, emphysema, bronchiectasis
Name normal adult vital signs for Temperature, and PR. Normal and average adult RR. Normal adult and child systolic and diastolic pressures
Temp.- 98.6F or 37C
PR- 60-100 beats/minute
RR- 12-18 breaths/minute, 15 breaths/min average
Adult: systolic- 90-140 diastolic- 60-90
Child: systolic- 80-120 diastolic 50-80
deep and fast respirations caused by metabolic acidosis
Kussmaul breathing
monitor the adequacy of arterial oxyhemoglobin saturation, quantify the response of arterial oxyhemoglobin saturation to therapeutic intervention or to diagnostic procedures and to comply with mandated regulations or recommendations by authoritative groups
Indications of pulse oximetry
MRI limitations
cannot be used in patients with pacemaker, metal objects cannot be used near it