Judicial Power
In deciding this case about judicial appointments, the court established the principle of judicial review, empowering the Supreme Court to declare an act of the legislative or executive branch unconstitutional.
Marbury v. Madison (1803)
In deciding this case about a national bank and state taxes, the court established the supremacy of the U.S. Constitution and federal laws over state laws.
McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)
School sponsorship of religious activities violates the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment.
Engel v. Vitale (1962)
Race-based school segregation violates the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.
Brown v. Board of Education (1954)
Political spending by corporations, associations, and labor unions is a form of protected speech under the First Amendment.
Citizens United v. FEC (2010)
Congress exceeded its power under the Commerce Clause when it made possession of a gun in a school zone a federal crime.
U.S. v. Lopez (1995)
In this case, the Sixth Amendment’s right to an attorney extends procedural due process protections to felony defendants in state courts.
Gideon v. Wainwright (1963)
This case held that redistricting did not raise political questions, allowing federal courts to hear other cases that challenge redistricting plans that may violate the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.
Baker v. Carr (1962)
Under the Fourteenth Amendment’s Equal Protection Clause, majority-minority districts may be constitutionally challenged if race is the only factor used in creating the district.
Shaw v. Reno (1993)
A prohibition against public school students wearing black armbands in school to protest the Vietnam War violated the students’ freedom of speech protections in the First Amendment.
Tinker v. Des Moines (1969)
Speech creating a “clear and present danger” was not protected by the First Amendment and could be limited.
Schenck v. United States (1919)
This case bolstered the freedom of the press protections of the First Amendment, establishing a “heavy presumption against prior restraint” even in cases involving national security.
New York Times Co. v. United States (1971)
The Second Amendment right to keep and bear arms for self-defense is applicable to the states.
McDonald v. Chicago (2010)
Compelling Amish students to attend school past the eighth grade violates the Free Exercise Clause of the First Amendment.
Wisconsin v. Yoder (1972)