The Renaissance
Started the renaissance. In 1453, the Ottoman Empire conquered this region, compelling many Greek thinkers and their works to move westward.
What is the Fall of Constantinople?
For the Spanish crown to find a direct route to Asia, he discovered the Western Hemisphere. Despite opening the "New World," he laid the foundations for Europeans' oppression and exploitation of native peoples.
What is the voyage of Christopher Columbus?
Henry VIII wanted to divorce his wife for Anne Boleyn legally. Parliament's passage of this act in 1534 solidified the break from the Catholic Church and made the king the Supreme Head of the Church of England.
What is Henry VIII's Act of Supremacy?
This temporarily eased the tensions arising from the Reformation, by allowing the legal co-existence of Protestants and Catholics in the Holy Roman Empire. Citizens got to choose between Lutheranism and Catholicism as their religion.
What is the Peace of Augsburg?
Calvinism was added to the Peace of Augsburg. The Edict of Reformation was revoked. Switzerland and Holland were freed from Hapsburg control. France, Sweden, and Brandenburg received territories. German princes were made sovereign which weakened the power of the Holy Roman Emperor and Habsburgs.
What is the Peace of Westphalia?
The most famous dynasty of merchants and bankers who used their vast wealth both to govern the city-states and to patronize illustrious creators in the arts. They were a very powerful family that was rich from banking.
What is the Medici Family?
The mother country trades with the colonies and the colonies are not allowed to trade with other nations. Inflation with the gold and silver from the New World spread from Spain to the rest of Europe. Entrepreneurs went to the New World in order to set up a business because of all of the goods.
What is Mercantilism?
The marriage brought together the largest parts of the Iberian Peninsula. They restructured the royal castle, took away nobility & took control of the governmental authority. The Spanish Inquisition also took place during their reign.
What is Ferdinand and Isabella's reign?
This was an enormous 130-ship naval fleet dispatched by Spain in 1588 as part of a planned invasion of England. Following years of hostilities between Spain and England, King Philip II of Spain assembled the flotilla in the hope of removing Protestant Queen Elizabeth I from the throne and restoring the Roman Catholic faith in England.
What is the Spanish Armada?
There were protestant citizens with a Catholic ruler. The Hapsburg rulers granted protestants toleration through a letter of majesty. The defenestration of Prague is where protestants would grab messengers and throw them out the window. This phase ended with a Catholic victory.
What is the Bohemian Phase of the Thirty Years War?
This period began the emergence of market economies in England and the Netherlands, bringing prosperity and artistic renewal to Northern Europe. This was less secular, and religion was emphasized. Christian Humanism, also emerged as the thinks and writers in the north adopted a Renaissance curiosity for knowledge
What is the Northern Renaissance?
The Spanish wanted to go east and sent Christopher Columbus where he ended up in the Bahamas. Hernan Cortes sailed to Mexico and ended up in the Aztec Empire. The king tried to please them with gold but they ended up seizing the city and taking him hostage where he died. The Spaniards took over the Inca Empire of Peru. They brutally captured the king and ruled until they were bored.
What is the expansion of the Portuguese and Spanish Empires?
The prime purpose was to enhance the power of the monarchy, and of the Roman Catholic Church in Spain, by requiring that Catholics were loyal to the faith. As a political program, it led to confiscations and the torture of alleged heretics, and eventually to the expulsion of non-Catholics from Spain. Particularly targeted Jews.
What is the Spanish Inquisition?
massacre of French Huguenots in Paris in 1572. This was plotted by Catherine de Medici and carried out by Roman Catholic nobles and other citizens. It was one event in the series of civil wars between Roman Catholics and Huguenots that attacked France in the late 16th century.
What is the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre?
Largest, bloodiest, and most continental phase of the Thirty Years War. The Swedish were funding them while they fight. Gustavus dies during this phase of the war. In 1648 the war starts to get old which eventually causes the war to end in a stalemate
What is the French Phase of the Thiry Years War?
Arguably one of the key events in the Renaissance, in 1454, Johannes Gutenberg published this text, using a new printing press technology that would revolutionize European literacy.
What is the Gutenberg Bible?
Bartholomew Dias - Dias gets to Cape of good hope (the southernmost tip of Africa, named for good hope to reach India). Vasco da Gama - makes the first voyage to India (1498) he establishes Portuguese settlements. Pedro Cabral - Portuguese sailor who discovered Brazil.
What is the effects of the main Portuguese explorers?
This was the formal Roman Catholic reply to the doctrinal challenges of the Protestant Reformation. It served to define Catholic doctrine and made sweeping decrees on self-reform, helping to revitalize the Roman Catholic Church in the face of Protestant expansion.
What is the Council of Trent?
Gustavus Adolphus was a Swedish Lutheran protestant that takes down Wallenstein. First to use transportable canons. Cardinal Richelieu is a politique who did it for the country, not religion. Receives support from the french while being a protestant. The Protestants won this phase of the war.
What is the Swedish Phase of the Thirty Years War?
During the Renaissance, Italy was a collection of these political entities, each with its own ruler—the Pope in Rome, the Medici family in Florence, the Doge in Venice, the Sforza family in Milan, and the Este family in Ferrara. Among the ruling families of these city-states, there was conflict and intense rivalry.
What is the Italian City-States?
Monarchies supported by overseas trade (ex: King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella), Monopoly Companies (ex: British/Dutch East India Trading Companies), Tax trade, Large navies and armies, Overseas Empires (French: New France, Dutch: New Netherlands)
What is the reasons for political expansion in Europe?
Signed by Henry IV of France this granted a large measure of religious liberty to his Protestant subjects, the Huguenots. It included the conversion from Huguenot Calvinism to Roman Catholicism and brought an end to the violent Wars of Religion that began in 1562.
What is the Edict of Nantes?
Christian IV of Denmark, Lutheran, weakened the protestant position in Germany after joining the war. Ferdinand II countered by commissioning Albert of Wallenstein to raise a mercenary army.
What is the Danish Phase of the Thirty Years War?