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The last imperial dynasty of China
Qing Dynasty
A Shi'ite Muslim dynasty that ruled in Persia (Iran and parts of Iraq) from the 16th-18th
Safavids
A system of government in which the head of state is a hereditary position and the king or queen has almost complete powe
Absolute Monarchy
Islamic state founded by Osman in northwestern Anatolia. After the fall of the Byzantine Empire, was based at Istanbul
Ottoman Empire
Class of warriors in feudal Japan who pledged loyalty to a noble in return for land.
Samurai
(330-1453) The eastern half of the Roman Empire, which survived after the fall of the Western Empire at the end of the 5th century C.E. Its capital was Constantinople - Now named Istanbul
Byzantine Empire
Also known as the Society of Jesus; founded by Ignatius Loyola (1491-1556) as a teaching and missionary order to resist the spread of Protestantism (a result of the Counter Reformation); were often sent to China, Japan, and around the world to gain Catholic converts
Jesuits
A small, highly maneuverable three-masted ship used by the Portuguese and Spanish in the exploration of the Atlantic.
Caravel
An economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by strictly regulating the economy to obtain large amounts of gold and silver by selling more goods than they bought and utilizing colonies
Mercantilism
elite Ottoman guard (trained as foot soldiers or administrators) recruited from the Christian population through the devshirme system, that often converted to Islam
Janissary
a German monk who became one of the most famous critics of the Roman Catholic Church. In 1517, he wrote 95 theses
Martin Luther
beautiful mausoleum (tomb) at Agra (India) built by the Mughal emperor Shah Jahan (completed in 1649) in memory of his favorite wife
Taj Mahal
The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus's voyages.
Columbian Exchange
The sect of Islam practiced primarily in Persia
Shia Islam
a crop produced for its commercial value rather than for use by the grower. For example tobacco.
cash crop
King of Spain, 1556 - 1598; married to Queen Mary I of England;he was the most powerful monarch in Europe until 1588; controlled Spain, the Netherlands, the Spanish colonies in the New World, Portugal, Brazil, parts of Africa, parts of India, and the East Indies.
Phillip II
the idea that monarchs are God's representatives on earth and are therefore answerable only to God.
Divine Right
'Selection' in Turkish. The system by which boys from Christian communities were taken by the Ottoman state to serve as Janissaries (elite military units utilized by the Ottomans)
Devshirme
This referred to the inefficient, slave-centered economy of the South where all land was used to grow large amounts of cash crops for export.
Plantation Economy
To generate money for territorial expansion Ottoman rulers used this tax-collection system. Under this system the government hires private individuals to go out and collect taxes for them.
Tax farming
British East India Company
set up trading posts in India in the 1600s enabling British economic and political interest there.
Most Muslims are of this denomination of Islam
Sunni Islam
Spanish conquistador who defeated the Aztecs and conquered Mexico
Hernan Cortes
In colonial Spanish America, term used to describe someone of European descent born in the New World.
Creoles
Palace constructed by Louis XIV outside of Paris to glorify his rule and subdue the nobility.
Versailles
Religious reform movement begun by Catholic monk Martin Luther who began to question the practices of the Latin Christian Church beginning in 1519.
Protestant Reformation
War within the Holy Roman Empire between German Protestants and their allies (Sweden, Denmark, France) and the emperor and his ally, Spain who supported Roman Catholicism; ended in 1648 after great destruction with Treaty of Westphalia; indicates the effects of the Protestant Reformation
Thirty Years War
1509-1564. French theologian. Developed the Christian theology. Attracted Protestant followers with his teachings; believed in predestination
John Calvin
the doctrines of a monotheistic religion founded in northern India in the 16th century combining elements of Hinduism and Islam;
Sikhism
A worker bound by a voluntary agreement to work for a specified period of years often in return for free passage to an overseas destination. Before 1800 most were Europeans; after 1800 most indentured laborers were Asians
Indentured servitude
A business, often backed by a government charter, that sold shares to individuals to raise money for its trading enterprises and to spread the risks (and profits) among many investors.
Joint-stock company
Early-sixteenth-century Spanish adventurers who conquered Mexico, Central America, and Peru. (Examples Cortez, Pizarro, Francisco.)
Conquistadors
Trading System between Europe, Africa, and the colonies; European purchased slaves in Africa and sold them to colonies, new materials from colonies went to Europe while European finished products were sold in the colonies.
Triangular Trade
Muslim state (1526-1857) exercising dominion over most of India in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.
Mughal Empire
A highly contagious viral disease characterized by fever, weakness, and skin eruption with pustules that form scabs; responsible for killing Native Americans.
Smallpox
Russian Tsar (r. 1689-1725). He enthusiastically introduced Western languages and technologies to the Russian elite, moving the capital from Moscow to the new city of St. Petersburg.
Peter the Great
Peoples of the Russian Empire who lived outside the farming villages, often as herders, mercenaries, or outlaws
Cossacks
Arguments written by Martin Luther against the Catholic church. They were posted on October 31, 1517; ultimately led to Martin Luther's excommunication
95 Theses
was a semi-feudal government of Japan in which one of the shoguns unified the country under his family's rule. They moved the capital to Edo, which now is called Tokyo. They isolated Japan from foreign influences. This family ruled from Edo 1868, when it was abolished during the Meiji Restoration.
Tokugawa Shogunate
Spanish conquistador who conquered the Inca's
Francisco Pizzaro
Northeast Asian peoples who defeated the Ming Dynasty and founded the Qing Dynasty
Manchus
It gave settlers the right to tax local Native Americans or to make them work. In exchange, these settlers were supposed to protect the Native American people (but generally exploited them) and convert them to Christianity. It was a form of coercive labor.
Encomienda System
A pardon given by the Roman Catholic Church in return for repentance for sins
Indulgence
Prince of Portugal who established an observatory and school of navigation at Sagres and directed voyages that spurred the growth of Portugal's colonial empire.
Prince Henry the Navigator
The forced migration of between 12 - 15 million people from Africa to the Western Hemisphere from the middle of the 15th century to the end of the 19th century.
Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade
A Roman Catholic tribunal for investigating and prosecuting charges of heresy, a reaction to the Protestant Reformation
Inquisition
A voyage that brought enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to North America and the West Indies
Middle Passage
Set the Line of Demarcation which was a boundary established in 1493 to define Spanish and Portuguese possessions in the Americas.
Treaty of Tordesillas