General
The Battle of Cynoscephalae took place in this year BCE.
This Macedonian king led his army at the Battle of Cynoscephalae.
Who is King Philip V?
The Macedonian phalanx wielded this 15-foot weapon as their primary armament.
What is a spear (or sarissa)?
The Macedonian army relied heavily on this tightly-packed formation of soldiers with long spears.
What is a phalanx?
The Romans decisively won the battle, losing only this many soldiers compared to 13,000 Macedonians.
What is 700?
This number of troops fought on each side at Cynoscephalae, making it an even match.
What is 25,000?
This Roman general, experienced from the 2nd Punic War, led the Roman forces to victory.
Roman Hastati and Principes carried this short sword, along with javelins.
What is a gladius?
The Roman army was divided into these sub-units of 120 men each, allowing for greater flexibility.
What are maniples?
After the battle, Flamininus announced that the citizens of this region were free.
What is Greece?
This weather condition at the start of the battle led to small skirmishes before the main engagement.
What is fog?
Philip V was a direct descendant of one of this famous conqueror's generals.
Who is Alexander the Great?
This third line of the Roman legion was equipped with a longer thrusting spear.
Who are the Triarii?
This Greek historian described the Roman order as flexible, with each soldier able to fight in any direction.
Who is Polybius?
This battle 29 years later served as a rematch between the Roman Legion and Macedonian Phalanx.
What is the Battle of Pydna?
The battle was fought on this type of terrain, which affected the performance of the phalanx.
What are hills (or uneven ground)?
This Roman general was said to be ambitious, skipping lower levels of the Course of Honor to run for Consul.
Who is Titus Quinctius Flamininus?
The Roman soldiers carried this defensive equipment, described as rectangular for the Hastati.
What is a shield?
The Roman legion consisted of three lines: Hastati, Principes, and this veteran group.
Who are the Triarii?
Despite losing the battle, this leader was allowed to remain on his throne.
Who is Philip V?
The name Cynoscephalae refers to this animal body part in Greek, describing the shape of the hills.
What are "dog heads" (or "dog skulls")?
Philip V had held the Macedonian throne for this many years by the time of the battle.
What is 20 years?
In addition to heavy infantry, both armies had these ranged units that could include archers, javelinists, and slingers.
What are skirmishers?
This Greek biographer compared the phalanx to an animal of invincible strength, but only when keeping its shields locked together.
Who is Plutarch?
Following this battle, the Romans took control of this region, establishing their empire around the entire Mediterranean.
What is the Hellenistic world (or Greek city-states)?