Electrolytes
Hypernatremia causes
Na+ containing IV's
Insensible water loss
fluid deprivation
low water intake
excess water loss
hypokalemia signs and symptoms
weakness leg cramps
fatigue dysrhythmias
paresthesia's
Which electrolytes does calcium have an inverse relationship with?
Phosphate
Low Phos = High Calcium
High Phos = Low Calcium
Magnesium Function
Metabolizes carbs proteins
Role in neuromuscular function
Produces vasodilation in cardiovascular system
Hypermagnesemia signs and symptoms
Hypo DTR's Flushing
Respiratory Depression Lethargy
Coma N/V
Cardiac Arrest
Hypernatremia signs and symptoms
neurologic impairment:
restlessness agitation
hallucinations delusions
disorientations weakness
seizures
hyperkalemia causes
renal failure
hypoaldosteronism
Meds: Heparin, ACE inhibitors, NSAIDS, potassium chloride, Potassium sparring diuretics
Hypocalcemia causes
low calcium intake
calcium absorption problems
high calcium loss
Magnesium is regulated by?
PTH
Eliminated by: kidneys
Chloride Functions
Major component of interstitial and lymph fluid; gastric and pancreatic juices, sweat, bile, and saliva
Acts with Na+ to maintain osmotic pressure
Combines with H+ to make hydrochloric acid
Potassium function
Controls intracellular osmolality
Role in cellular enzyme activity
Regulates transmission of electrical impulses in:
nerve, heart, skeletal, intestinal, and lungs
hypokalemia signs and symptoms
nerve conduction peaked t wave
muscle weakness cardiac arrest if not treated
paresthesia's cardiac irregularities
paralysis
Hypocalcemia signs and symptoms
muscle cramps Chvostek's Sign
tetany Trousseau Sign
seizures
paresthesia's
Hypomagnesemia causes
Nasogastric suctioning Diarrhea
Tube Feedings (TPN)
Chronic alcohol use
sepsis
burns
Chloride is regulated by
Aldosterone
Normally paired with with Na+; excreted and conserved with Na+ by kidneys
Potassium is regulated by?
Aldosterone (High aldosterone = Low Potassium)
(daily laxatives causes hypokalemia)
Calcium Functions
Role in blood coagulation and nerve impulse
Major components in bones and teeth
Muscle contraction and relaxation
Hypercalcemia causes
Cancer
Hyperparathyroidism
Hypomagnesemia Signs and symptoms
Mental status changes Seizures
Tremors Arrhythmias - at Torsazdi Point
Tetany Muscle Weakness
Hyper DTR's
Respiratory Paralysis
What electrolyte does chloride have a complimentary relationship with
Potassium
Low Chloride = Low Potassium and vice versa
Hypokalemia causes
V/D gastric suctioning
diuretics alkalosis
Calcium is regulated by?
PTH and calcitonin
Hypercalcemia signs and symptoms
bone pain
N/V
Constipations
Excessive: urination, thirst, confusion, lethargy, slurred speech
Hypermagnesemia causes
Renal failure
Magnesium containing antacids or laxatives
Hypochloremia causes
Severe: V/D Coma Seizures Respiratory Arrest
Met. Alkalosis
Diuretics
Burns
Gastric fluid drainage (GI tube)