Origins
political factors: Who was france ruled by, who were the king and queen at the time?
Where did the ruler live, how did it affect their connection with the people?
-Absolute monarch; believed in Divine Right
-King Louis XVI (16th) and Queen Marie Antoinette (austrian)
-Outside of Paris, Palace of Versailles; isolated from people's troubles
Why did King Louis summon the Estates General, what even was it?
How were votes done?
-summoned to fix financial crisis; estates general like parliament, made up of the three classes
-Each class has one votes, unfair, and goes in 1,2,3 order. Basically, 1 and 2 have power over 3.
Why is King Louis placed on trial?
How was he executed?
With this, France abolished the ____ and became a ___
For treason, trying to go to Austria
By guillotine
_monarchy_ _republic_
define Kangaroo Courts and Guillotine
"_terror_" _violence_
Kangaroo Courts: courts were very hasty and made fast trials
Guillotine: the fast beheading device, made killing quick and easy
What does Napoleon do when he is a "good" dictator?
What did he embrace, yet have a more moderate approach of?
-restores stability+order
-Crowns himself emperor
-ideals of French Revolution;
-Equality of men -> Napoleonic Code
-Popular Sovereignty-> Plebiscites (ballots; slight democracy)
-Religious Tolerance : brought back Catholic Church
Social Factors: How was French society divided? Which class had the largest population, smallest landownership, but paid all the taxes?
* Rigid division into classes:
-1st: clergy (ppl working for church)
-2nd: Nobility, ppl w/ a tittle
3rd: Everyone else (commoners)
* 3rd estate
Where did the third estate members flee to and make an oath?
What was their goal?
-Fled from palace to tennis court, making Tennis Court Oath
-Wanted to make a New Constitution, commoners have a say, and made The National Assembly, a new governing body
What was the new governing body of France when it became a republic? was it united? if not, describe the division
-National Convention
-was increasingly fractional:
-Royalists: wanted monarchy back; clergy and nobility
-Jacobins: radical group, wanted democracu
-Girodins: moderate group
July 1794 ___ was ___ and ___ by the National Convention, ending the Reign of Terror
_Robespierre_ _arrested_ _executed_
What did Napoleon try to achieve with the Napoleonic wars; what areas did he defeat/ invade?
What is one nation he wasn't able to get to and why?
-Austria, Russia Prussia, Spain + Portugal
-Britain; it has a strong navy and is surrounded by water, Napoleon couldn't successfully attack
Cultural Factors: What ideas were circulating in Paris?
What are some examples and their effects?
-Enlightenment ideas:
-Social Contract: rule and rulers is a conditional relationship -> REVOLUTION
-Freedom of Speech -> Libelles
-Equality (of men
-Popular sovereignty: --> Democracy
When and why did a violent mob break into a Bastille in Paris? describe what happened
-July 14 1789, rumors that the National Assembly would be arrested made commoners made, went out to seek gunpowder in Bastille, freed prisoners and killed gaurds
Which group gained control of the convention? what did they want to achieve? What did they do to try to achieve that?
The jacobins
wanted to create a "blank slate"
-Dechristianization: destroy church+kill, new calender no sunday
-Universal sufferage: every man can vote
-Abolished slavery: all across french empire
-Levee en masse: military drafts
What island was Napoleon born on, was his family wealthy, and how did he get up in ranks?
-Corsica
-Middle classish, family sent him to school+military school
-Became a military hero during French Revolution Wars
What did Napoleon launch in hopes of weakening Britian, what was it called and was it successful?
-Economic blockade; Continental System where he isolated Britain, trying to prevent trade. Wasn't successful becaus Russia was trading secertly
Cultural factors: What were Libelles and who did they target?
What revolution inspired commoners?
-Media (like posters and pamphlets) without basis in reality, trashing someone's image, this case royal family's image
-American revolution
Oct 5, 1789, a mob of women march to Versailles breaking into the palace, why did they do this?
-Heard rumors about a royal banquet, huge feast, while all the commoners are straving
-were done with royal family, stormed in killing the gaurds
-Wanted to kill the royal family, but Marquis de Lafayette convinced to just capture the royal family; fam was then forced to move into Paris
What did the National Convention create to protect the revolution from "internal enemies"?
Comittee of Public Safety
What nation does he defeat, and later what place does he invade and why?
What weak governing body does Napoleon overthrow, is it bloody?
-Austria
-Invaded Egypt to cut off Britain from trading with India (Brits fighting with French too)
-French Directory; overthrew bloodlessly with a coup d'etat
Who did Napoleon try to invade with his Grand Army, did he win? what tactics or policies were used by either side?
-Russia (because it was trading w Britain)
-Didn't win, army suffered great lose because:
-Russia used Scorched Earth Policy; burned locations France was marching through and retreated, also used Guerilla Tactics, defeating France
Economic issues: What happened because of a harsh winter?
Why was France bankrupt by the late 1700s? (2 main reasons, with supporting evidence)
-fewer crops, higher food prices, bread riots
-Costly wars: French and Indian war and American Revolution
-Big spending by royal family: Madame Deficit
Austria and Prussia invade Frane in hopes of suppressing ____ and saving __.
_Austria_ _Varennes_
_the revolution_ _the royals_
Who led this Committee and how did it work?
-Maximilian Robespierre; mastermind and good with words
-Spy network; people of committee would report even the smallest comment about the revolution
First Consul (there were two others and they shared power; not emperor at first)
Descibe the Downfall of Napoleon, what was he forced to do, where was he initially exiled from. Did Napoleon stay there for long? If not, what did he try to do and what was his final battle and final place of exile and death.
-Forced to step down from power of 1st consul (abdicate)
-Exile to Elba (island), very close to Italy
-Escapes, regains temporary control as he makes his way back to France, but is quickly is defeated in the Battle of Waterloo (Brits) and exiled to St Helene where he died of stomach cancer