Haiti
1791, slaves in the ___ colony of Saint-Domingue revolted, what revolution were they inspired by?
_french_
French Revolution
Context: after Haitian Revolution, whites feared the rebellion of lower classes. Creoles: American-born descendants of Spanish colonists, Peninsulares: Spanish-born settlers. Spain took power from Creoles and gave it to Peninsulares because Spain wanted more control in its colonies. When Napolean invades Spain, spain's connection to the colonies is severed and Creoles see this as an opportunity for change (regain power/ freedom). Creoles= patriots, inspired by Enlightenment and American. rev.,, Peninsulares=royalists, expect spain to restore control
I understand this context and keywords
Who leads the revolution in New Granada (region in Northwest South America)?
Revolution began in ____ and Bolivar's Army of the North supported independence movements elsewhere in the viceroyalty(Spanish controlled region(s))
Simon Bolivar, patriot commander and wealthy Creole
_Venezuela_
Going back to Jose de san Martin, hes doing the revolution stuff in Peru but needs help. Who does he meet up with in Ecuador?
Simon Bolivar
Where does Napoleon invade in 1807, what does this cause the royal family to do?
-Invades Portugal, family goes to its colony, Brazil, with members of court
Politically, who dominated? describe the 3rd class (who was in it, equality of no equality?)
Whites dominated, 3rd class was freed people of color and mulattos (mixed black and Euro.) class lacked social + political equality w/ whites
Creoles established self-rule in ___ ___, and maintained it in spite of royalists, this city becomes the base for spreading revolution
_Buenos_ _Aires_
What title does Simon Bolivar receive for freeing various regions?
was it easy to free the regions? explain. Where did he have to go gather resources and continue the fight for Independence?
"The Liberator"
-Not easy, suffered many defeats, rule of key cities flip-flopped from Patriot to Royalist. Patriots tried to establish republic, spain forces dirupted; Bolivar had to go to Haiti
Who takes the lead in liberating Peru?
How does he accomplish liberation?
Whats the nation that is formed named?
-Simon Bolivar
-By tracking down and defeating royalists in battles 1824-1825 in upper Peru
-Bolivia
What does the Portuguese ruler do in Brazil? what does this make Brazil into ?
-makes economic reforms, pleases privileged class+keeps liberal-minded people in check
-Brazil becomes political center
What freed black man joined the rebels and led what became the Haitian Revolution?
What was the Revolution a combination of?
-Slave rebellion+anti-colonial uprising
Patriots join together in the United Provinces of __ __ __ ___, declaring independence from spain, Buenos Aires new capital
_Rio_de_la_Plata_
What change in strategy helped Simon Bolivar?
-Went into Venezuelan countryside; escaped Spanish
-Engaged in Guerilla warfare
-Large mixed army; now included llaneros, cattle herders w/ horses that switched sides after poor treatment
Who was Mexico loyal to? how was this seen in gov't?
What's the name of the radical priest who wanted independence? what did he inspire?
-Loyal to Spain; Peninsulares ran for gov't and blocked Creole liberal reforms
-Miguel Hidalgo; nationalist uprising with a goal of forcing spain out of Mexico
What happens to Brazil in 1821 when the King goes back to Portugal, who is the new ruler?
-King makes his son, Dom Pedro, in charge of Brazil
L'Ouverture and his army eliminate their enemies and take control of the colony, who then sends french forces to suppress the revolts? who wins?
-Napoleon gains power in france, sends the forces
-the rebels win
What patriot leader formed a strong army (Army of the Andes) in Rio de la Plata and led it against royalists in Peru?
Jose de San Martin
Spring 1819, the diverse army goes to present-day Colombia, what happens there, any wins or loses?
-a surprise attack on the Spanish force
- first in a series of patriot victories that, by May 1822, had brought independence to New Granada
Describe this independence movement, peaceful or not? what did Creoles think or fear of it?
-Hidalgos followers killed, destroyed property; independence movement threatened to turn into social revolution, scared many Creoles into joining Mexico's royalist army
1822, republicans want political reform, what does Pedro do?
With this, the rebels founded the first ___ ___ in modern history and named it Haiti
_Independence_ _French_ _colonial_
_black_ _republic_
Are Martin's battles successful? does he defeat the Royalists and spread the revolution north and south?
In 1821, Martin declared Peru independent, but the royalist army was still there in the countryside. Martin needs help from another great commander
Yes!
May 1822, Independence in New Granada
cool (sry just wanted to include this info)
What happens to Hidalgo? does the Independence movement die, if not how does it live on?
Do things become stable
-army overpowers and executes Hidalgo, movement doesn't die since the Creole soldiers do a successful coup d'etat against the Spanish officers-> achieve independence and promise of constitutional monarchy
-Former royalist comes into power(emperor), not for long since people don't like him, Mexico unstable in many ways for years to follow
1824, moderate constitution accepted and 1825, Portugal recognized Independence
(answer will show a summary of the main idea for 15.5)
1700s and 1800s, revolutionaries called for change in governments or wanted new ones. They were inspired by Enlightenment ideas (popular sovereignty, social contracts, etc.). So, the spread of Enlightenment ideas marked a major turn in how people viewed government*