Why was Britain called the "workshop of the world"?
-Manufactures exceeded those of other countries
-machines/ first to have Industrialization
What was the second country to industrialize?
How does it connect to Britain?
What industry did it already have that became mechanized?
What did it later focus on?
Belgium,
borrowed tech. from Britain.
Woolen textile industry
focus: coal+iron, exporting the coal for money
Explain the Enclosure movement
What are two examples of mechanization?
What did these two things cause to peasants?
-Common lands -> private lands; land used to be free for all but people started putting up fences and claiming land
-1701: Seed Drill (Jethro Tull): fast and efficient seed planting ; 1834- Reaper (Cyrus McCormick): attached to horses, fast harvesting
-Not many farmers now needed, ppl that lost jobs move to cities for opportunities
Industrialization led to a growth in ____ between ___ classes.
Commoners became divided into what two groups? describe them.
_inequality_ _social_
-Capitalists: owners of the means of production (factory owners/ people that invented and invested in their inventions)
-Workers-People who worked for wages performing manual labor
What was the Luddite Movement? what did Luddites not like and how did they protest
How did the British government (parliament) react?
-Luddites were workers that didn't like how machines were taking over; a once skilled textile worker was now poorly payed, machine did all the work. Protested by breaking into factories and destroying machines
-Capitalists got fed up (owners of factories, rich commoners) and had the Parliament help by suppressing the movement with harsh measures-Death Penalty
What are some factors that allowed Britain to industrialize first?
-Political stability: already went through a political revolution, stable gov't supported ppl
-Labor: many ppl avaliable
-Raw materials: lots of supplies (coal, wool, etc.)
-Banking System: financed entreprenuers
-Transportation system
What was France's main industry?
Why did France Inudstrailize late-ish?
What main energy source did they use? (because they lacked __ and had to import)
-Textile mills=cotton cloth
-Had the French Rev. going on as well as wars
-Water power, lacked _coal_
Where did the English industrialization begin?
What person/ family led the indust. and what was their goal?
What did they discover/figure out?
What structure did they later build?
-Coalbrookdale
-Abraham Darby/ Darby family, wanted stronger iron and fast+cheap
-Coke, a variant of coal that is lower in sulfur, produces stronger iron!
-ironbridge
Describe the working conditions for the working class.
-Exhausting and hazardous; 6 days a week, 12 hrs a day; there was child labor because its cheap for the owner (pays kids less) and kids are hungry and need to help parents
Define a (labor) union, what is it?
What did labor unions, specifically, want?
What are two ways unions had power/ showed they wanted change (sorry bad wording)?
Who were the Tolpuddle martyrs?
-Workers of the same trade/job unite to protect their interests/ what they want as workers
-wanted: Higher wages, shorter hours, and improved working conditions
-Unions used collective bargaining( went as a group to request changes ) and if needed did strikes (stopped working)
-Group of workers who tried to unionize but failed, were arrested and sent to Australia for 7 yrs of hard labor
Explain three key innovations in Britain's textile industry (inventor's name, innovation's name, date)
-1733: John Kay= flying shuttle, automates weaving
-1764 James Hargreaves= spinning jenny, spins many threads at once
-1769: Richard Arkwright= water frame, powered by water, produced a stronger thread
What did the United States have to use for power early on? what kind of mills did this power?
What are 3 advancements in metalwork in the US?
What was the 1st and 2nd lubricants for machines?
What did the oil well produce?
-waterpower; Cotton textile mills
-interchangeable parts: rapid assembly ; Cotton Gin: Southern expansion on cotton and slavery ; Bessemer process: iron-> steel, makes machines, rails, skyscrapers
-Whale oil, coal oil
-gasoline+kerosene, lubricant; energy source and lubricant
What was the purpose of factories? what did they replace?
-To house new textile machines; replacing domestic system (ppl used to make things @ home)
Industrialization led to the (gradual or rapid) movement of people from the ___ to __, because people were looking for ?
Rapid; _countryside_ to _cities_; people were looking for work/jobs
What was the purpose of the Factory Acts passed by the British government?
What are some examples of the changes made?
-to improve the working conditions in factories (mostly for kids)
-Must be at least 9 yrs old, reduced working day for kids, kids can't work at night, and kids have to go to school for 2 hrs every workday
What are some natural resources that helped Britain?
-Rivers:waterpower+transport
-Coal:fuel
-Fiber:wool=> fabric
-Iron:metal to create machines
Why did Germany industrialize late?
Germany was good in metalwork, using its abundant coal and iron, but also specialized in what else?
-Was politically fractured/ states, joined into free-trading zone
-Chemical stuff, electrical, and weaponery
What resulted/occurred to the people involved?
-Supervision: owner could supervise, things up to standards
-Specialization: workers became good at one part of the process, but could be easily replaced
-Wage labor: 14 hr work for so-so pay
What three adjectives could describe the location people went to, what are three key words relating to this?
-Overcrowded, unsanitary, unsafe; Tenements=apartments for many families, were crowded; Slums, area were working class lived; Cholera a waterborne disease that broke out
What did Utopian Socialists seek?
Describe:
1)The Phalanxes: Charles Fourier
2)New Lanark, Scotland: Robert Owen
3)Titus Salt
-sought to establish harmonious, idyllic communities that treated workers with dignity
1)French guy that believed in a system of palaces, housing 1600 ppl each, where the ppl had jobs based on their skill, jobs no one liked given to kids
2) made a factory in New Lanark, and provided housing, education to worker's kids, and other benefits. This worked well here and showed it was possible for factory owner to give comfort to workers
3) Was a rich mill owner, saw the pollution his mill was making, so installed a pricy boiler. other mill owners didn't care about pollution, so he went away and a made his own big factory+community where everything was safe, workers were happy being treated well, and this worked because of a mutual endevor
What are some ways Britain was able to transport goods?
-Rivers(internal trade) and seaports(long-distance/external trade) --Canals, man-made rivers making for fast and cheap movement
-Toll roads: pay to cross decent road
-Railroad/railways/locomotives
Japan was ___ before the industrialization revolution spread
Contact with the West pushed ___ revolution. The __ was overthrown and the __ was restored (Meiji restoration)
With the new Gov't , Japan specialized in silk weaving, railroads, ships, and dominated East Asia.
_isolated_
_political_ _shogun_ _emperor_
Factories allowed for mass production, which meant __ ___ ___
_High volume_ : more goods
_Identical_ : standardized
_Low cost_
Europe's population doubled from 1800 to 1900 because of what?
This is because __ theory became widely accepted, which can be seen in better __ (cleaner people/ overall cleanliness) and ____ (a preventative measure for illness)
-a drop in death rates
_germ_
_hygiene_
_vaccines_