Basics of Biology
Cellular Biology
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Energy Transfer
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100
Basic functional units of life
CELL
100
Command or control molecule for cell function
DNA
100
Chromosomes are most vulnerable to radiation during this phase.
Metaphase
100
Numeric value used to describe how the presence of oxygen effects radiosensitivity of tissue to different ionizing radiation.
OER: Oxygen Enhancement Ratio
X-ray OER: 3
100
A chromosome map that pairs sister chromosomes together
Karyotype
200
80% of molecular composition of the human body
Water
200
DNA is synthesized, copied and divided into chromosomes with 2 sister chromatids during this.
S phase of interphase
200
Concept that for a cell to die, the target molecule must be inactivated.
Target Theory
200
Damage to DNA that ruptures one bond, severing the sugar-phosphate side rail.
Single-strand break
More common with LOW LET radiation
200
Each somatic cell has this many autosomes.
22 pairs of autosomes
300
Essential for growth, construction of new body tissue and repair of injured tissue.
Proteins
300
3 main parts of the cell.
1. Cell membrane
2. Cytoplasm
3. Nucleus
300
The principle effect of radiation on humans is this.
Indirect
300
3 Major effects of irradiation of DNA include these.
1. Main-chain scission
2. Crosslinking
3. Point lesions
300
The end products of oogenesis.
1 ootid and 3 polar bodies.
400
In DNA, adenine and guanine bind to these pyrimidines.
Thymine and Cytosine, respectively.
400
The stages of mitosis.
Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, and Telophase
400
Multistage process involving the production of free radicals created by the ionization of water molecules.
Radiolysis of water
400
Numeric value given to describe how identical doses of radiation of different LETs do not render identical biologic response.
RBE
Relative Biological Effectiveness
400
Process where genetic cells undergo a reduction division.
Meiosis
500
The 5 principal types of molecules in the human body
Water, Proteins, Lipids, Carbohydrates, and Nucleic acids
500
3 differences between DNA and RNA.
1. RNA is single-stranded macromolecular structure.
2. Uracil replaces Thymine in RNA
3. Ribose instead of deoxyribose in RNA
500
Substances that produce biologic damage directly after radiolysis.
Hydrogen peroxide(H2O2) and hydroperoxyl radical (HO2*)
500
A change in base or loss of a base results in this.
Point mutation
Critical consequence is that one daughter cell is transferred an incorrect genetic code.
500
This type of mutation is where part of the chromosome is lost.
Deletion