Plant Evolution
What are the four challenges plants faced in moving from water to land?
Maintaining water, Obtaining resources, Support, Reproduction and dispersal of offspring
How many multiples of flower parts do monocots come in?
Multiples of three
Number of flower part multiples
What are the different simple fruit classifications simple fruits?
Fleshy- tomato
Dry(Dehiscent)- peanut
Dry(Indehiscent)- corn
What are the four functions of roots?
-Absorption
-Anchoring
-Storage
-Vegetative Reproduction & competition
Since plants alternate generations, which generation produces the egg and sperm, then which produces the spore?
The haploid generation produces the egg & sperm; the diploid generation produces the spore
How do the leaves veins of monocots run?
They run parallel to each other
Characteristics of eudicot leaves
Have leaves that form netlike arrays or patterns
Give the characteristics of a drupe and some examples
It has one seed, with a stony endocarp and a thin exocarp (plum, cherry, coconut)
The shoot system and what it is responsible for
The shoot system is the organ system of the plant (stem and leaves), responsible for photosynthesis and reproduction
What is the function of the waxy cuticle, and which evolutionary challenge is it apart of?
The waxy cuticle reduces the water loss because the wax coats the surface; this is part of the maintaining water challenge
Do monocots have secondary growth? Why or why not?
They do not have secondary growth because they lack cambium, but if they are able to increase width in their stem, even without cambium instead it would be called anomalous thickening
Why do Eudicots have two cotyledons?
They contain two cotyledons because it has two seed leaves, hence the ("di" in the name), also meaning the leaves are rounded and fat
Are fruits Angiosperms or Gymnosperms; describe the characteristics
Fruits are angiosperms, found on all flowering plants; they are also fleshy, and bright colored, seed enclosed in fruit for easy dispersal
How do the roots and shoots work together?
Roots allows the plant to absorb nutrients and water, which travels up to the shoot (stem and leaves), where the stems properly prop the plant up and allow it to obtain sunlight
The function of roots, stems, branches and leaves is to
Roots- secure plants and permit the absorption of water
Stems/Branches- provide stability and security to the leaves and allow them to transfer water, and obtain the minerals they need for survival
Leaves- the place where photosynthesis occurs; produces food, gives off green pigment, and absorbs light energy
Describe the stem vascular bundles in monocots
The phloem and xylem in monocots are scattered in vascular bundles throughout the stem, also can be referred to as (closed), because they lack cambium
Describe the root system eudicots contain, and give an example
Eudicots have a taproot system, meaning they have a main roots in which other roots may grow laterally from it; ex. Mangoes
Name the structure of a avocado from outside to inside, and their descriptions
1.Exocarp- outer layer of the pericarp
2.Mesocarp- middle layer of the pericarp
3.Endocarp- inner most layer of the pericarp, and surrounds the seed
4.Seed- grows inside the seed, because it's moist and dark (perfect for germination)
RAM- located at the tips of the roots, provides cells for future root growth (location of cell division)
SAM- located at the tips of the shoot, gives rise to the organs of the plant (gives maximum exposure to sun to light reactions can occur)
Both- present in ALL vascular plants
What is the difference in vascular and non-vascular plants, where are you able to find each one, and give an example of one of each?
Vascular plants- are able to conduct water and minerals, and they contain a Xylem and Phloem, also have true roots, stems and leaves; ferns can be found in the tropics or temperate forests
Non-vascular plants- are unable to conduct water because they do not have a Xylem of Phloem, nor do they have true roots, stems or leaves; mosses, and most are found in moist/damp areas so they stay moisturized
Why are cotlyedons not considered "true leaves" and what is their purpose?
They are not considered "true leaves" because they are actually part of the embryo(seed), and store nutrients until true leaves do develop and can begin photosynthesizing.
Explain what an angiosperm is, and its vascular bundle in Eudicots
Angiosperms are plants that have "covered seeds", can survive in more habitats than gymnosperms, and their flowers ensure pollination because the developing embryo is protected.
Vascular Bundles in dicots are formed in a ring around the outside of the stem because of the cambium they contain, allowing them to expand the width of the stem.
Explain what a Dry Indehiscent is, name the categories example and how they are dispersed
A dry indehiscent does not open and release seeds at maturity; the categories are: Achene, Grain, and Samara and are dispersed by the wind
The three types of roots, a plant for each type, are they found in monocots or dicots, and their characteristics
Fibrous Roots- the roots are thin and branch from the stem, roots are close to the top of the soil; this root system is found in monocots such as corn
Tap Roots- root is large dominant, other roots grow from it laterally and grow directly downward; main function is to store water and minerals; this root system is found in dicots such as carrots
Adventitious Roots- these are not true roots, and are able to form from other parts of the plant, which increases their chances for growth and survival; can be found in some monocots such as Mangroves