Glomerular Goodies (Nephritic & Nephrotic Syndromes)
This is the most common cause of nephrotic syndrome in children, sometimes occurring after a bee sting or upper respiratory infection.
What is Minimal Change Disease?
On a urine dipstick, the presence of this enzyme indicates the presence of white blood cells in the urine.
What is Leukocyte Esterase?
This condition characterized by chronic hyperglycemia is the most common etiology of Chronic Kidney Disease in adults.
What is Diabetic Nephropathy?
Accounting for about 75% of all cases, this is the most common composition of kidney stones.
What is Calcium Oxalate?
This "pointy" EKG finding is an early and classic sign of hyperkalemia.
What are Peaked T waves?
Oval fat bodies, which are found in the urine of patients with nephrotic syndrome, have this characteristic appearance when viewed under polarized light.
What is a "Maltese cross"?
Fever, chills, rigors, and CVA tenderness alongside white blood cell casts in the urine are the classic signs of this upper urinary tract infection.
What is Pyelonephritis?
Patients with advanced CKD develop normochromic, normocytic anemia primarily due to the lack of this hormone usually produced by healthy kidneys.
What is Erythropoietin (EPO)?
The "classic triad" of Renal Cell Carcinoma includes hematuria, a palpable abdominal mass, and this symptom.
What is Flank pain?
Correcting severe hyponatremia too rapidly with hypertonic saline carries a severe risk of causing this devastating neurological complication.
What is Osmotic Demyelination Syndrome?
A 6-year-old boy presents with cola-colored urine and puffy eyes two weeks after a sore throat; checking this specific lab titer confirms his recent infection.
What are ASO (Antistreptolysin O) titers?
This is the most common cause of intrinsic Acute Kidney Injury, often caused by ischemia or nephrotoxic drugs, and is characterized by "muddy brown granular casts" in the urine.
What is Acute Tubular Necrosis (ATN)?
This bone disease, known as osteitis fibrosa cystica, is a high-turnover bone lesion directly caused by this compensatory hormonal response in CKD.
What is Secondary Hyperparathyroidism?
This congenital condition is the most common renal fusion anomaly, typically fusing at the lower poles and getting stuck on the inferior mesenteric artery.
What is a Horseshoe Kidney?
This life-saving IV medication is given first in severe hyperkalemia not to lower the potassium levels, but to stabilize the cardiac membrane.
What is Calcium Gluconate?
This pulmonary-renal syndrome presents with hemoptysis and hematuria due to autoantibodies attacking type IV collagen in the basement membranes.
What is Goodpasture Syndrome?
This allergic condition within the kidneys classically presents with a triad of fever, rash, and eosinophilia, and is commonly caused by NSAIDs, Penicillins, or PPIs.
What is Acute Interstitial Nephritis (AIN)?
This physical exam finding, indicating severe uremia and encephalopathy in an ESRD patient, is characterized by a "flapping" tremor of the wrists when extended.
What is Asterixis?
This rare, autosomal dominantly inherited familial cancer syndrome is highly associated with clear-cell renal cell carcinoma, retinal angiomas, and hemangioblastomas.
What is Von Hippel–Lindau (VHL) disease?
A patient who drinks massive quantities of water causing their serum sodium to drop, while their ADH is appropriately suppressed, likely has this psychiatric-linked condition.
What is Psychogenic Polydipsia?
This is the most common type of glomerulonephritis worldwide and typically presents with gross hematuria concurrently with or directly after a respiratory or GI tract infection.
What is IgA nephropathy (Berger disease)?
A BUN to Creatinine ratio of greater than 20:1 combined with a Fractional Excretion of Sodium (FeNa) of less than 1% points to this specific classification of Acute Kidney Injury.
What is Prerenal AKI (or Prerenal Azotemia)?
According to CKD treatment guidelines, to lower glomerular hypertension in a patient with albuminuria, you should prescribe a RAAS inhibitor (ACEi/ARB) along with this specific class of diabetic medication.
What are SGLT-2 inhibitors?
These rare stones, also known as "staghorn calculi," form as a result of urinary tract infections caused by urease-producing bacteria like Proteus.
What are Struvite stones?
This condition characterized by skeletal muscle breakdown leads to tea-colored urine, highly elevated CK levels, and positive dipstick for blood with NO RBCs on microscopy.
What is Rhabdomyolysis?