Reconstruction
What was Lincoln's 10 Percent plan?
Required 10% of the population of the state to swear allegience to the Union. Once you swore allegiance you got a full pardon except for confederate officers. Restored all property to southerners.
What did the Freedman's Bureau do? Why did it stop?
Northerners who traveled south to provide aid for Freedmen and the poor whites in the south.
Funding dried up due to donor fatigue. The Compromise of 1876 the north traded electoral votes for Hayes to be the president in exchange for removing federal troops from the south and ending reconstruction.
What problems did the Europeans have with Native Americans?
They were polytheistic, matrilineal people who believed in communal land ownership. they believed the group was more important than the individual.
Where is the 100th Meridian? Why is it significant?
Central US right down the middle of Austin. West of the meridian rainfall decreases to less than 20 inches a year, making farming impossible.
Why did the Federal land policies and agriculture fail so miserably from the mid 1800s to early 1900?
The origional 160 acres was large enough to make a profit. We gave them 160 extra if they planted trees on 40 acres. You needed a large investment to suceed on top of huge tracks of land, droughts and hard winters. Monopolies of banks, RRs and grain elevators.
What was Andrew Johnson's reconstruction plan?
0% Plan Total Amnesty with no ratification of the 13th Amendment. Radical Republicans were opposed and almost impeached him.
Why did the North abandon Reconstruction?
Money economic recession made it hard to continue. Got tired of endless charity with little change. Traded removal of troops for electoral votes.
What was significant about Custer's last battle?
It was one of the few very successful battles the Native Americans had, mostly because it involved multiple united tribes.
How did mining spread? What mining practices were used from start to finish?
West to East. Mining began with placer mining, or panning for goal. Then hard rock mining began, where you would dig into the mointain. Finally hydrolic mining began.
What new inventions were created as a result of the quick westaward spread?
Cast molded plows, Windmills, Buffalo rifles, barbed wire, farming machinery (combines, tractors)
What was the Radical Republicans plan?
Wade-Davis Bill. 50% Pledge of allegiance to the Union. No Confederate officeholders. New State constitutions. Lincoln refused to sign it and pocket vetoed once the Senate was no longer in session.
What are Black Codes?
To prevent freedmen from voting or exercising their new rights. To maintain the inferiority of the freed slaves.
literacy tests, poll taxes, vagrancy laws, grandfather clause, open ballots, travel restrictions.
Who was Chief Joseph and What did he do?
He was the Chief of the Nez Perce. He led a large group of mainly women and children 1300 miles evading the US Army only to surrender 30 miles south of the Canadian border and freedom.
What financed the development of American industry at this time?
The mining industry.
How did the US go from 6th largest economy in the world to 1st in under 30 years?
Many resources (energy; steam to electricity) coal, water, wood, steel (iron), minerals, land
Manpower
technology
What were Jim Crow policies? Name a few
Laws and unwritten rules meant to segregate blacks and whites socially and physically.
Segregated schools. Separate but equal.Blacks cannot testify against whites in court.Separate drinking fountains and bathrooms. Segregated Transportation. Separate housing/zoning laws.
What is the Indian Intercourse Act?
It was an act that was meant to protect Indians and keep whites out. This led to reservations. It failed miserably.
What Happened at Wounded Knee?
US Army was herding a group of Native Americans back to a reservation after stopping them from preforming their Ghost Dance. Whilst camping for the night, the army was attempting to collect all weapons from the men when a gunshot went off. The army opened fire with a machine gun killing almost 200 people, mostly women and children.
How did ranching spread across the country? How long does it last? Who is doing it? When/why did it end?
Spread from the South to North, adopting everything from Mexico. Boom only lasted 20 years and ended because of a harsh winter that kills all the cattle and the fencing of homesteads.
Who is Carnegie? What did he own? How did he get rich? What did he do with the money?
Scottish immigrant. Textile mill to telegraph to RR to steel. Invented Vertical integration. If you own every part of the production process you make all the money. Micromanager pushed out the competition. Low wages. "Gospel of Wealth" rich must be charitable but no direct charity. Built thousands of libraries.
What was the goal of the KKK? What methods did they use?
To intimidate freedmen and maintain prewar superiority. To prevent freedmen from exercising their new constitutional rights.
Intimidation. Lynchings. Murder. Beatings. creating physical barriers from voting.
What did the Dawes Severalty Act do?
It attempted to assimilate Indians into the white population by separating tribes into family units with their own land. It removed children to boarding schools for white education.
What did the establishment of tribal lands do?
Establishment of tribal communal land ownership with status of independant nations, police, courts, laws and schools.
religious freedom, no property taxes, no alchohol,
How did farming spread geographically? Who went? Why?
East to West. The Homestead Act gave 120 Acres to anyone who claimed it and lived on the land for 5 years. Anyone even women could claim the land. You didnt need to be a US citizen. Mostly middle class people. 600,000 poeople went, half failed
What effects did the rise of the RailRoad have?
1)Opened the West 2) created national markets w/ regional specialties 3)Jump Started Capitalism 4) Govt involvement in Business; Land and $ grants