Limb anatomy
describe the location of the stifle joint
hind limb, between tibia and proximal intertarsal
what is the maintenance fluid rate for foals and adult horses
foals - 100mg/kg/day
adult - 50mg/kg/day
If a horse bobs its head down when it steps with the front left leg, which leg is lame?
front right
what is a good pre-pre medication drug
acepromasine
You suspect a hoof abscess. What do you look to locate it on the hoof, and what do you do to treat it?
look for a dark spot or draining tract. use hoof testers to locate it. dig it out and apply a poultice
Which joints of the carpus communicate?
midcarpal and carpometacarpal
What is one thing that always must be given with ketamine?
muscle relaxant
How many mL and what drug is used for nerve blocks?
2-3 mL prilocaine
what kind of drug is phenylbutazone and what is the normal dose rate?
NSAID, 2.2mg/kg or 4.4 mg/kg
What do you do in EVERY case of colic?
NG tube and reflux
Name the joints of the tarsus from proximal to medial
tibiotarsal, proximal intertarsal, distal intertarsal, tarsometatarsal
During recovery, when is extubation performed?
as soon as the horse swallows
High sugar, high concentrate
what kind of drug is flunixin meglumine and what is a normal dose rate
NSAID, 1.1mg/kg
What is the threshold for failure of passive transfer in a foal? I.E. IgG is below how many g/dL?
<8 is FTP
what is the origin, path, and insertion of the suspensory ligament?
Origin - palmar proximal cannon bone
path - palmar surface of limb
insertion - proximal sesamoid bones
what are the stages of wound healing, and what happens during them
inflammatory - haemostasis, influx of neuts and macros, swelling, exudate
cellular proliferation - angiogenesis, fibroplasia, collagen deposition, epithelialisation around the preiphery, granulation, wound contraction
remodelling - maturation of cellular matrix, gradual strengthening of wound site
what is a keratoma
"benign" proliferation of epithelial cells producing a mass of keratin. begins at the white line and grows out with the hoof. only becomes painful after it has grown out.
What route do you give penicillin and what happens if you give it in the wrong route
IM. IV penicillin causes excitation, tremours, seizures
You want a horse to be sedated just for a blood draw. what drug is ideal for short sedation?
medetomidine, dexmedetomidine
Name the 5 borders of the PALMAR pouch of the metacarpophalangeal joint - medial, palmar, proximal, distal, dorsal
medial - common digital flexor tendon
palmar - suspensory ligament
proximal - distal end of MC2 and 4
distal - proximal sesmoids
dorsal - MC3
what are the 3 methods of castration, and how do they compare in regards to time/difficulty, chance of infection, and chance of inflammation?
1. open. completely open tunica vaginalis to remove testicles. highest chance of infection. quickest and easiest. lowest chance of inflammation
2. semi closed. make a small window in the tunica vaginalis to ligate the vas deferens through. medium chance of infection. most time consuming (or tied with closed). medium chance of inflammation.
3. closed. leave the tunica closed, just strip it away from the pedicle and remove the whole pedicle. lowest chance of infection. medium difficulty and time. highest chance of inflammation
describe the location and nerves for each of the main nerve blocks in the distal front limb
1. palmar digital nerve block - palmar branch of lateral and medial palmal digital nerve. lateral and medial heel bulb on each side of DDFT.
2. abaxial sesmoid block - dorsal, intermediate, and palmar branch of lateral and medial palmar digital nerve. on each proximal sesmoid, palpate neurovascular bundle and inject aiming distally.
3. lower 4 point block - A. at button of splint bone on either side- blocks lateral and medial palmar metacarpal nerve
B. about 1 inch proximal and between the DDFT and suspensory ligament. blocks lateral and medial palmar nerve and everything distal
What kind of drug is Centiofur, what class, what route, what is it used for, and what dose rates?
antibiotic, 3rd gen cephalosporin, IM only, respiratory diseases including strep equi, also just used as a broad spectrum antibiotic, 2.2 and 4.4mg/kg
What are the normal ranges for HR, RR, temp, and CRT in an adult horse
HR 24-40
RR 8-20
T 37-38.5
CRT 1-2 sec