A whole note has this many beats

This is the note that just looks like an open circle.

This separates specific numbers of beats to form a measure.
a quarter note has this many beats

This is a filled in note with a stem
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This tells the performer that the selection of music is over.
An eighth note has this many beats

This is an open note with a stem

This is at the beginning of the staff to show what range of notes are going to be played.
a half note has this many beats
Top example!!!!

This is a filled in note with a stem and a flag

This is to show how many beats are in each measure as well as what kind of note gets the beat; typically shown as a fraction.
a 16th note has this fraction of a beat

This is a filled in note with a stem and 2 flags.
This is what the two staves are called together.