Brain
What are the 4 major parts of the Brain
1. Brain Stem
2. Cerebellum
3. Diencephalon
4. Cerebrum
CSF Circulation
Lateral Ventricles
Interventricular Foramen
3rd Ventricle
Cerebral Aqueduct
4th Ventricle
Median & Lateral Apertures
Brain & Spinal Cord
Arachnoid Villi
Dural Sinus
Heart & Lungs
What structures does the diencephalon consist of?
1. Thalamus
2. Hypothalamus
3. Epithalamus
What is the cerebrum known for & what abilities does it provide?
"Seat of intelligence"
Read, Write, Speak, Calculate, Remember, Reason, & Imagine
How many pairs of cranial nerves are there?
12 cranial nerves
What does the Blood Brain Barrier do?
What does the Blood Brain Barrier consist of?
Protects from harmful substances & pathogens
Prevents passage of harmful substance from blood to brain tissue
Astrocytes & Endothelial Cells
Medulla Oblongata Functions & Cranial Nerves
Cardiovascular Center
Respiratory Center
Vomiting & Coughing Center
Swallowing, Hiccupping, & Sneezing Center
sensations of touch, conscious proprioception & vibration
VIII, IX, X, XI, XII
Where is the Diencephalon located?
Extends from the brain stem to cerebrum & surrounds the 3rd ventricle
What are Basal Ganglia, their function & what happens if it is damaged?
3 gray matter nuclei deep in cerebral white matter
regulate initiation & termination of body movements, subconscious contraction & skeletal muscles (arm swing when walking) & muscle tone
Parkinson's disease, resting tremors, muscular rigidity & involuntary muscle contractions
I
II
III
IV
Olfactory: olfactory mucosa: Sensory: Smell
Optic: retina: Sensory: vision
Oculomotor: midbrain: motor: moves eyeball & upper eyelid
Trochlear: midbrain: motor: moves eyeball
extra layer of meninges
dura mater=2; enclose venous sinuses; from sinuses deoxygenated blood is taken to heart via internal jugular veins in order to be pumped to lungs & become reoxygenated
Pons & Cranial Nerves
contributes to breathing rhythm
relay info from one side to the other
V, VI, VII, VIII
What are the 4 functions of the Thalamus?
Major relay station for most sensory impulses coming from SC & brain stem to cerebral cortex
Contributes to motor function by transmitting info from cerebellum to cerebrum
Regulates autonomic activities
Maintains consciousness
Cerebral Hemisphere
Cerebral Cortex
Gyri
Grooves
Fissures
Sulci
cerebrum divides right & left halves
outer rim of gray matter
convolutions
in b/w gyri
deep grooves
Shallow grooves
V & branches
Trigeminal: Pons: Both
V1: sensory: upper eyelid, forehead, & anterior 1/2 of scalp
V2: Maxillary: sensory: b/w lower eyelid, upper lip, & upper jaw
V3: Mandibular: sensory of anterior 2/3 tongue, lower jaw,
Motor: muscles of mastication
Falx Cerebelli
Tentorium Cerebelli
strong arched fold of dura mater contains superior sagittal sinus
small triangular process of dura mater
extension of dura mater "tent of cerebellum" contains transverse sinuses; brains tumors are categorized as supratentorial & infratentorial;
Midbrain & Cranial Nerves
Cerebral Peduncles conduct nerve impulses to SC, Pons, & Medulla from motor axons & sensory axons
Superior Colliculi: reflex centers for visual activities & sends motor commands
Inferior Colliculi: Deliver auditory sensory info from ears to thalamus; "startle reflex"
III & IV
What does the Epithalamus consist of & what does it do?
Pineal Gland: secretes the hormone melatonin, promotes sleepiness & contributes to body's biological clock
Primary Somatosensory Area
Primary Visual Area
Primary Auditory Area
Primary Gustatory Area
Primary Olfactory Area
Primary Motor Area
Broca's Speech Area
receives sensory info from opposite body
receives info of sight
receives info of sound
receives info of taste
receives info of smell
controls skeletal muscles of opposite body
motor for muscles of speech
VI
VII
VIII
Abducens: Pons: motor: moves eyeball
Facial: Pons: mixed: sensory for taste motor for facial expression
Vestibulocochlear: Pons: sensory: hearing & equillibrum
Limbic System location & Functions
"emotional brain"
Superior brain stem & corpus callosum
play roles in emotions, pain, pleasure, peacefulness, affection, & anger
Olfaction & Memory
Cerebellum
Vermis
Arbor Vitae
Function
Ataxia
2nd largest part of brain
constricted are that connects L&R cerebellar hemispheres
Cerebellar Cortex: superficial layer of cerebellum
Folia: parallel ridges
Arbor Vitae: cerebellar nuclei
give rise to axons that carry impulses from cerebellum to cerebrum & SC
Function: provide smooth skeletal muscle movements & coordination
regulates posture & balance
disrupted muscle coordination due to damage to cerebellum; difficulty in speaking, staggering & abnormal walking (drunk)
8 Functions of Hypothalamus
Major regulator of homeostasis
Receives sensory info from skeletal muscles, visceral organs, & special senses organs
Control of the ANS
Production of Oxytocin
Regulation of emotional & behavioral patterns
Regulates food intake & contains thirst center
Control body temp
Regulates circadian rhythm
Somatosensory Association Area
Visual Association Area
Auditory Association Area
Wernicke's Area
Common Integrative Area
Premotor Area
Frontal Eye Field Area
allows stereognosis
allows recognition of particular images
allows recognition of particular sounds
recognized spoken words
allows formation of thoughts
allows motor activities of complex /sequential nature
controls voluntary scanning movements of eyes
IX
X
XI
XII
Glossopharyngeal: Medulla: Both: Sensory: taste of 1/3 of tongue & sensation of pharynx. Motor: muscles elevate for swallowing & speech
Vagus: Medulla: Both: Sensory: taste & touch of epiglottis & pharynx & distension of GI tract Motor; muscles of pharynx, larynx, palate, & larynx
Spinal Accessory: Medulla: motor, sternocleidomastoid & trapezius
Hypoglossal: Medulla: motor, muscles of tongue