Ears
Musculoskeletal
Eyes/ Pressure Injuries
Medication
Random
100

Audiometry evaluates hearing. But what characteristics of hearing are being evaluated?

What is Pitch, Frequency and Intensity

100

An abnormal sensation/feeling or tingling or pricking.

What is paresthesia

100

Dark, Blurry Areas or White Out visional disorders,  Appearing in the center of one's visual field.

Macular Degeneration

100

What medication should herpes zoster treated with?

Acyclovir

100

Your patient has a fracture of bone, example femur.  What is your priority assessment and why?

Monitor for sufficient blood supply to extremities by assessing color, temp and pulses of affected area.

200

Who would benefit from a cochlear implant?

A cochlear implant is an auditory prosthesis and is used or people with profound sensorineural hearing loss and can be used for those who do not benefit from conventional hearing aids.

200

Abnormalities you may see in a patients gait who has been diagnosed with Parkinsons Disease.

Decreased arm swing, bradykinesia, shuffling gait, reduced heal strike

200

Commonly known as the "white" of the eye. It is the tough, opaque tissue that serves as the eye's protective outer layer. Composed of collagen and elastic fibers, the sclera provides structural support and maintains the shape of the eye. It extends from the cornea in the front to the optic nerve in the back of the eye.

Sclerae.

In terms of eye health, changes in the color or appearance of the sclera can be indicators of certain medical conditions. For example, a yellowing of the sclera can suggest jaundice, and a bluish tint might indicate osteogenesis imperfecta, a genetic disorder affecting bones.

200

This medication is used prior to cataract surgery primarily as a local anesthetic to numb the eye. This is important for several reasons: Used for pain relief, patient cooperative and relex reduction.

Proparacaine

200
This term is known as a soft tissue injury that results in bleeding into soft tissues creating a hematoma and ecchymosis
What is a contusion
300

A perforated eardrum, also known as a ruptured or torn eardrum, is at higher risk for infection due to several factors: please state 3 reasons why

Loss of protection barrier, accumulation of fluids and etc.

  1. Loss of Protective Barrier: The eardrum (tympanic membrane) acts as a barrier that protects the middle ear from external agents, including bacteria and viruses present in the environment, particularly in the external auditory canal. When the eardrum is intact, these pathogens are largely prevented from entering the middle ear. If the eardrum is perforated, this barrier is compromised, allowing microbes easier access to the middle ear space.

  2. Accumulation of Fluid and Debris: A perforation can allow water, bacteria, and other foreign materials to enter the middle ear more easily. This is particularly a concern during activities such as swimming or showering. The presence of moisture can create an ideal environment for bacterial growth, leading to infections such as otitis media (middle ear infection).

  3. Impaired Eustachian Tube Function: The Eustachian tube connects the middle ear to the back of the throat and helps to equalize air pressure and drain fluid from the middle ear. If the eustachian tube function is impaired (which can sometimes be related to eardrum issues), fluid can accumulate in the middle ear, increasing the risk of infection.

  4. Healing Process: The process of healing a perforated eardrum can itself make the ear more susceptible to infection. As the body works to close the tear, the area may be inflamed and more vulnerable to infection until the integrity of the eardrum is fully restored.

Preventing infection in cases of a perforated eardrum typically involves avoiding water entry into the ear canal, possibly using protective earplugs or a shower cap during bathing. Additionally, it's crucial to maintain good ear hygiene and seek medical advice. Doctors might prescribe antibiotic drops if there's a significant risk or signs of infection, and they will monitor the healing process to manage any complications early.


300

The decrease in muscle mass and strength due to a reduction in muscle tissue size. This condition can occur due to a variety of reasons including prolonged inactivity, malnutrition, aging, and diseases that affect the nerves supplying the muscles or the muscles themselves.

Muscle Atrophy

300

Involuntary, rhythmic eye movements


Nystagmus

300

When cold ear drops are placed into the ear, they can cause dizziness and nausea primarily due to their effect on the inner ear, specifically the semicircular canals which are a part of the vestibular system that helps regulate balance. Therefore, what nursing intervention should the nurse prioritize when administering ear drops

maintain warm or room temperature ear irrigation fluids. 

300

Specialized cells in the skin responsible for producing melanin, the pigment that gives skin, hair, and eyes their color. Found in the basal layer of the epidermis, melanocytes produce melanin through a process called melanogenesis.

Melanocytes

400

Structure and Function of the middle ear

Tympanic membrane and Oval Window are structures

Sounds, vibration, equilibrium are functions.... 

See below for more details.

Structure of the Middle Ear

  1. Tympanic Membrane (Eardrum):

    • This is a thin, cone-shaped membrane that separates the outer ear from the middle ear.
    • It vibrates in response to sound waves.

  2. Ossicles:

    • These are three tiny bones in the middle ear, known as the malleus (hammer), incus (anvil), and stapes (stirrup), making them the smallest bones in the human body.
    • They are linked in a chain-like manner and transmit vibrations from the eardrum to the inner ear.

  3. Eustachian Tube:

    • This is a canal connecting the middle ear to the pharynx (throat).
    • It helps equalize air pressure on both sides of the eardrum, which is essential for proper hearing.

  4. Middle Ear Cavity:

    • This air-filled space houses the ossicles and is lined with mucous membrane.
    • It is situated within the temporal bone of the skull.

Function of the Middle Ear

  1. Sound Transmission:

    • The primary function of the middle ear is to transmit sound from the outer ear to the inner ear.
    • Sound waves enter the ear canal, causing the eardrum to vibrate.
    • These vibrations are then passed to the ossicles. The malleus, which is attached to the eardrum, receives these vibrations and transmits them to the incus, which then passes them to the stapes.

  2. Amplification of Sound:

    • The ossicles act as a lever system that amplifies the vibrations. Although the force remains constant, the smaller surface area of the stapes (as compared to the eardrum) increases the pressure of the sound waves as they are transmitted into the inner ear. This amplification is crucial because the inner ear is filled with fluid, which is more difficult to move than air.

  3. Pressure Equalization:

    • The Eustachian tube plays a critical role in maintaining equal air pressure on both sides of the eardrum.
    • Normally, the Eustachian tube is closed, but it opens during swallowing, yawning, or sneezing to allow air to pass between the middle ear and the throat. This helps in equalizing the pressure and is essential for the proper functioning of the eardrum.
400

This term is used to describe back pain that shoots down back into leg and can even produce pain down to foot.

Sciatica

400

Refers to the ability of the eye to change its focus from distant to near objects, and vice versa. This process involves the adjustment of the lens inside the eye. The lens changes its shape thanks to the ciliary muscles: when you look at something close, the ciliary muscles contract, causing the lens to become thicker and more rounded, which increases its optical power.

Accommodation

400

2 part question:

This condition is caused by bacteria to the eye. Commonly known as pink eye, can be caused by bacteria, viruses, or allergens.

What eye drop would you expect to see ordered for this patient?

Conjunctivitis

ciprofloxacin is specifically used for bacterial conjunctivitis.

400

This is skin condition characterized by patches of skin losing their pigment. The patches of skin affected become white and usually have sharp margins. The hair from the skin can also become white. The inside of the mouth and nose may also be involved. Typically, both sides of the body are affected. Often the patches begin on areas of skin that are exposed to the sun. It is more noticeable in people with dark skin.

Vitiligo

500

This diagnosis is an inflammation or infection of the external ear canal. This condition typically affects people who spend a lot of time in water, hence the name "swimmer's ear." However, it can affect anyone and has several causes and risk factors.

What is Otitis externa

Other related material to read:

Causes

  • Water exposure: Frequent swimming or other water activities can lead to water remaining in the ear canal, creating a moist environment that promotes bacterial growth.
  • Bacterial infection: The most common cause. Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus are frequently implicated bacteria.
  • Fungal infection: Less common than bacterial infections, but can occur, particularly in tropical climates or in cases where bacterial infection treatment fails.
  • Trauma: Scratching the ear or aggressive cleaning can damage the skin in the ear canal, allowing pathogens to enter and cause infection.
  • Skin conditions: Eczema, psoriasis, or allergic reactions can also lead to otitis externa.

Symptoms

  • Ear pain: Often intense and worsens when the outer ear is pulled or the ear canal is pressed.
  • Itching in the ear canal.
  • Discharge: Varying from clear to pus-like.
  • Redness and swelling in the ear canal.
  • Temporary hearing loss if the ear canal becomes swollen shut.
500

Refers to an excessive outward curvature of the spine, resulting in an abnormal rounding of the upper back. The degree of curvature can vary, but when it is severe, it's often referred to as a "hunchback."

Kyphosis

500

This stage of pressure injury is defined as the earliest stage of a pressure ulcer and is characterized by intact skin with non-blanchable redness of a localized area, usually over a bony prominence.

Stage 1

500

Group of medications that causes pupillary constriction.

What is Miotics

500

This is potentially life-threatening medical condition that occurs when fat globules enter the bloodstream and obstruct small blood vessels, primarily in the lungs, brain, and other vital organs. This can lead to serious complications such as respiratory failure, neurological dysfunction, and organ failure. The risk factors and underlying causes for fat embolism are primarily associated with:

Trauma/Fractures: The most common cause is bone fractures, especially fractures of the long bones (such as the femur and tibia), pelvis, and ribs. Trauma causes fat from the bone marrow to be released into the bloodstream.

Fat embolism

600

What is a normal dB level?

0-15 normal


Read pages 1531

mild hearing loss will begin at 25-40 dB

600

This acronym is helpful for remembering treatment of musculoskeltal injuries

R.I.C.E.


600

Black eschar or slough covering the visibility of the wound represents what Stage pressure Ulcer 

What is Unstageable Pressure Injury

600

 Repositioning patients every (_____) hours is a critical care strategy primarily used to prevent pressure ulcers, also known as bedsores or decubitus ulcers. These ulcers are injuries to the skin and underlying tissue resulting from prolonged pressure on the skin.

What is every 2 Hours

600

What is an emergent nursing intervention for a post-surgical hemorrhage?

Application of a tourniquet, must STOP THE BLEED

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