Chapter 1
Electrons on the outermost shell of an atom
valence electrons
Area where amplitude is zero in an orbital
node
Molecules that have the same molecular formula, but differ in the arrangement of their atoms
isomers
hydrocarbons
The boiling point and melting point of cycloalkanes depends on this
molecular weight
Atoms with the same number of protons but different number of neutrons.
Isotopes
In this type of bonding the electron density lies between the nuclei
sigma
These structures differ only in the arrangement of the atoms in space
stereoisomers
What is IUPAC Rule #1?
Find the longest continuous carbon chain
When naming cycloalkanes, if there are two or more substituents, how do you number the main chain?
Give all substituents the lowest possible number.
The sum of the protons and neutrons in an atom
Mass number
Sp2 hybrid orbitals have this type of geometry
trigonal planar
Represent the strength of attractions between molecules
intermolecular forces
IUPAC rule number 2 states to number the chain from which end?
End nearest substituent
This type of strain arises when all the bonds are eclipsed.
torsional
Donates electrons to a nucleus with an empty orbital
nucleophile
The geometry of BeH2 is linear, what is its hybridization?
sp
The main intermolecular force in non polar molecules
London dispersions
The one with the greatest number of substituents
What is the most important result in a chair conversion?
Any substituent that is axial in the original conformation becomes equatorial in the new conformation.
Can be used to predict whether a bond will be polar
electronegativities
Linear combination of atomic orbitals between different atoms
bond formation
What is the golden rule of solubility?
Different arrangements of atoms caused by rotation about a single bond
Conformations
When the axial substituent interferes with the axial hydrogens on C3 and C5 on a cyclohexane ring
1,3-diaxial interactions