Brain Anatomy
Which part of the brain acts as a "gatekeeper"
diencephalon
What two CN test for taste?
CN VII- Facial
CN IX- glossopharyngeal
results when a relatively stationary skull is hit by an object traveling at high velocity and results in trauma on the side of the head that was struck
coup
CSF
A concussion results from what type of trauma followed by transient mental confusion, altered mental status, and amnesia.
(direct /indirect)
Both direct and indirect
This part of the brain controls HR, RR, and peripheral blood flow.
Brainstem
Performing the H pattern tests which cranial nerves? What other nerve of this group has additional testing and what is it?
CN III (occulomotor), CN IV (Trochlear), CN VI (Abducens)
CN III- pupil reaction and elevation of eyelid
occurs when the skull is moving at a relatively high velocity and is suddenly stopped and results in an injury on the opposite side of the impact
countercoup
How long after trauma do you administer the neurocognitive and balance tests?
15 min
What act qualifies concussed athletes for federal services?
Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (which applies to ALL states)
subarachnid space
What is the name for CN II and what are the tests for CN II?
Optic- reading normal print, peripheral vision, and hold up and identify fingers
This brain injury often causes LOC followed by a period of lucidity. Then pt proceeds to become disoriented, severe headache-often increasing)
Epidural hematoma (medical emergency)
What assessment tool synthesizes many of the tests into a single instrument?
Sport Concussion Assessment Tool (SCAT)6
the diagnosis of a concussion is based on the red flags of injury such as: LOC, seizures, vomitting, etc.
TRUE or FALSE
False- there are NO red flags of concussion
This membrane is the outermost layer of the brain forming its "outer skin"
pia mater
Name CN VIII-- What are the tests for CN VIII?
Vestibulocochlear
Romberg Test or BESS
Hearing
This type of brain injury involves venous bleeding and accounts for the majority of deaths resulting from athletics-related head trauma. Symptoms often appear 48 hours to several days after injury.
Subdural hematoma
This test uses the equation
change in HR= HRT-RHR
Buffalo Concussion Treadmill Test
A football athlete reports that they have tinnitus. He reports that he was not hit hard in the game, but it could be because he was listening to load music in his headphones. Is this a concussion?
Maybe. Tinnitus is a symptom of concussion. Having one symptom is enough to diagnose concussion. But tinnitus could come from other sources. Video analysis of the game looking for MOI might help diagnose our athlete.
At rest, the body demands how much of the body's O2 uptake?
20%
What nerve is tests through "Open up and say Ah and testing gag reflex?"
CN X- Vagus
Repeated trauma is thought to trigger a neurodegenerative disease associated with the tau protein that stabilizes microtubules in the CNS in this brain injury.
Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy
Name a test for postconcussion syndrome
Testing of CN IV and VI (post concussion syndrome can affect extraocular movements
In a concussion, the presence of which (retrograde/antegrade) amnesia warrants immediate referral to a physician?
antegrade (retrograde indicates longer recovery)