Realism & Liberalism
This type of liberalism emphasizes free trade, globalization and economic interdependence.
Commercial Liberalism.
Constructivists emphasize these two concepts as most important to understanding international relations.
Identity and Norms.
This type of feminist scholarship focuses on differences/disparities between men and women.
Radical feminism.
This individual is considered the first realist.
Thucydides.
This lack of authority exists in both the state of nature and international relations.
Anarchy.
This type of realism became especially prevalent following World War II and the increase in power of international institutions.
Neo-Realism.
How things change.
The concept intersectionality implies what?
People's individual experiences might differ when considering the unique combinations of race, gender, class, etc.
Postcolonialist Gayatri Spivak focused her work on groups of marginalized peoples known as:
the 'Subaltern.'
This is the school is most often associated with Critical Theory.
Frankfurt School.
This type of realism focuses on a more selfish human nature to explain why states act the way they do. Which scholar is most often associated with this variety?
Classical Realism. Hans Morgenthau.
What does it mean to politicize security?
It means (book p.68/69) “rethinking security to uncover the ‘political’ character of different definitions of security and the construction of security agendas, to open up space to include other issues identified by myriad actors and to decenter the statist concerns of some by highlighting human insecurities.”
The theory behind Orientalism claimed what?
History has been largely defined by a cleavage between West and East and biased perspectives meant that the West could never really understand those people that they consider oriental and thus they are blinded to reality by their own set of values
This neoliberal institutionalist popularized arguments that international institutions such as the UN help states arbitrate disputes and prevent larger conflicts.
Robert Keohane.
This is the theory that liberal democracies do not go to war with one another. Who is accredited with coining this theory?
Democratic Peace Theory. Immanuel Kant (or Robert Doyle depending on who asks).
To realists, ____ are not relevant to security studies in international relations, while ____ are the most important.
Individuals. States.
These Constructivists focus on how leaders and citizens talk about security.
Critical Constructivists.
One of this feminist scholar's primary arguments is that international relations is fundamentally biased toward men.
Ann Tickner.
This Constructivist argued that "Anarchy is what states make of it." What does this mean?
Alexander Wendt. According to Wendt, anarchy is a socially constructed concept, which means how it is perceived influences how states behave - i.e., an anarchic world could be peaceful or conflict-ridden, depending upon state leaders' beliefs, experiences, expectations etc.
The Third World Conference was held where, when and discussed what?
Bandung, Indonesia - there leaders from throughout the "Third World" discussed the future for recently decolonized states.
Neoliberals cite several benefits to joining international institutions, what are three of these benefits?
Joint institutions provide constraining influence on potentially powerful actors, international law provides universal expectations of behavior, international norms and identity can help insulate states from anarchy, institutions can lower barriers to information and lower transaction costs of participating states, etc.
Critical theorists distinguish ideological thinking as a specific behavior - what is ideological thinking according to these scholars?
Ideological thinking is any type of beliefs or perceptions that are consciously or unconsciously shaped by our biased perceptions of reality. These biased perceptions then project upon our behavior, and thereby influence, in a cyclical fashion, the manner in which we interact with the objective world. I.e., what I see depends on who I am, what I believe, where I come from - and what I see influences my perceptions of each of these.
How is 9/11 viewed as a pivotal moment in post colonialist studies?
In the aftermath of 9/11 as the developed nations sought solidarity with one another, the developing nations argued that this type of insecurity has always been a fact of life for them. The US and parts of Europe launched a ‘War on Terror,’ that to many in the developing world have very overt racial and religious overtones and reaffirmed the us/them thinking in the West that the developing countries had been trying to overcome in the lead-up to 9/11.
Karl Marx critically theorized about capitalism - detail his arguments.
Marx argued that the modern world order (1818-1883) is one defined by capitalist ideology – including values of supply and demand, private property rights and free exchange of goods, liberal trading etc. It is our participation and perception of this as a just structure that justifies this set-up; nothing more. This, Marx claimed, is simply ideology. By "buying" into the system we become blind to its faults and do not seek change needed to improve societal structures. Marx thought change would only happen once people began to see capitalism beyond ideology - once they started not taking it for granted that capitalism was the correct system.
Freedom from having to experience conflict, protection of bodily autonomy and not having to live amidst prejudice might all fall under this type of security studies concept.
Emancipatory security.