Paradigms (Chapman)
This paradigm assumes there is one "normal" or "healthy" mind/brain type and that any deviation from that norm means something is wrong.
What does Chapman argue against concerning a neurodivergent person's identity?
What is curing/treatment for neurological differences?
This movement rejected the biomedical model of psychiatry and the notion that mental illness is was a social construct resulting from political pressure and interests.
What is the anti-psychiatry movement?
Both Neurodiversity and Mad Pride movements share this overarching moral and political goal that psychiatry should promote.
What is inclusivity, justice, and self-advocacy?
What paradigm views neurological variation (like autism or ADHD) as a natural and valuable part of human diversity?
What is the neurodiversity paradigm?
What do critics of neurodiversity use as evidence that this movement's claims go too far?
What is severe autism or multiply disabled autism?
Unlike anti-psychiatry, new activism aimed to do this with science and psychiatry.
What is collaboration and reformation of science?
In this form of research, new activism can prevent institutional bias in psychiatry and science.
What is activist research (participatory studies, lived experience, self-advocacy)?
What is some common ground between the two perspectives?
1. Both accept some conditions (e.g., anencephaly) are inherently harmful
2. Both aim to reduce suffering and promote human flourishing
3. Both allow pragmatic compromise: whichever approach leads to less suffering should be favored
4. Both reject unnecessary pathologization of difference
Chapman distinguishes between curing certain aspects of conditions like autism that don't affect identity nor conclude that autism is pathological.
What is co-occurring conditions (e.g., epilepsy, seizures, self-injury)?
These two movements reinterpret what it means to be neurologically "different", asserting that it's natural human variation and experience.
What is Neurodiversity and Mad Studies?
The new self-advocacy activism achieves this through being open to multiple perspectives and embracing values.
What is objectivity?
The Neurodiversity paradigm aligns with the social model of what regarding the determination of society being responsible for limitations rather than the individual.
Across different cultures and countries, studies show that schizophrenia's symptoms and experience vary across societies, suggesting they are shaped by this.
What is social and cultural context?
Arnaud & Gagné-Julien reject this established ideal that science must be this way.
What is value-neutral/value-free?
Both Chapman and Arnaud & Gagné-Julien agree that psychiatry, and all science, is shaped from these that should be made clear.
What are values?