Membrane Structure
The movement of molecules down their concentration gradient without using energy.
Diffusion
Increasing temperature generally makes the membrane more of this.
Fluid
What are the two type of membrane proteins
Integral and peripheral
Transport that requires energy to move molecules against their gradient.
Active Transport
If ΔG is negative, then energy is being
Released
This type of passive transport uses proteins to move molecules like glucose across the membrane.
Facilitated Diffusion
This specific family of proteins helps cells stick to the extracellular matrix and transmits signals inside the cell.
Integrins
The process of Large molecules being secreted when a vesicle fuses with the plasma membrane.
Exocytosis
Transport that requires NO energy to move molecules against their gradient.
Passive Transport
Photosynthesis is an example of
Exergonic reaction; Anabolic Pathway
Channels that open or close in response to a stimulus are called this.
Gated Ion Channels
The arrangement of phospholipids and proteins in biological membranes is described as
The fluid mosaic model
The process of Large molecules being taken in when the plasma membrane pinches inward, forming a vesicle.
Endocytosis
Na+ would most likely pass through the membrane with the help of a(n)
Gated Ion Channel
This chemical reaction involves breaking the bond between the terminal phosphate of ATP, releasing energy that fuels cellular activities.
ATP Hydrolysis
This term refers to diffusion specifically of water across a selectively permeable membrane.
Osmosis
This functions as a 'fluidity stabilizer,' preventing extreme changes in membrane fluidity with temperature shifts.
Cholesterol
What are the two types of Carbohydrate-Bound Molecules
Glycolipids and Glycoproteins (Carbohydrates bonded to lipids and proteins)
What is the main source of energy in active transport?
ATP
An endergonic reaction, (being non spontaneous), would have a what ΔG?
Positive
Give 3 examples of substances that can NOT pass through the membrane easily; Explain why
Sugars, Water, Ions (e.g., Na⁺, K⁺, Cl⁻)
(Anything hydrophilic) These react well with water and therefor aren't able to pass the membrane easily due to its hydrophobic core.
These proteins bind to specific molecules and change shape to move the substance across the membrane.
Carrier proteins
What is the driving force for simple diffusion?
Concentration gradient
At equilibrium, the solute concentration is the same on both sides of the membrane, and both water and solute stop moving completely. True or False; Explain why
False, At equilibrium, solute concentrations are equal on both sides, but molecules continue moving across the membrane at equal rates, so there is no net change.
Explain how enzymes work
Enzymes act as biological catalysts by binding to substrates, lowering the activation energy, and speeding up chemical reactions without being consumed.