19.1 The New Imperialism
something along the lines of "The policy of a state dominating and taking control of areas beyond their borders through military force or diplomacy (military force being more common)".
To continue their ___ growth, western pwrs wanted __ ___ and ____.
_economic_
_raw_ _materials_ _Marketplaces_
Who was the strongest maritime empire in the 19th century, why?
Britain, had land all across the globe "The Sun Never Sets", helped by the East India Company
Which European power threatened Britain's influence over India?
What happened to Persia & Afghanistan?
-Russia; because Russia was expanding towards India
-Britain invaded both, to keep Russia from dominating. Afghanistan became a buffer zone that Russia and Britain couldn't touch
What was European influence on Africa like by 1800?
What was discovered in 1867 in the __ colony (a British colony) in South Africa?
What did Egypt finish building in 1869, what did it do?
Who sent an explorer to the middle of S. Africa (what is the name?) Why? What was found?
-Limited to trading posts along the costal exterior; Europeans wouldn't explore inland because of diseases like malaria
-Diamonds; diamond rush (later gold rush)
-Suez Canal; very strategic, gived waterway transport mediteranean -> red sea (trade w/ east much easier)
-King Leopold II of Belgium, (the Congo), to figure out whats in the middle of Africa, found rubber
Who renewed these practices in the mid to late 1800s?
Western powers, which is western Europe and the USA
Nationalism was/wasn't a motive for imperialism.
Western pwrs were competitive because ...?
What key nation was the best/ one of the best?
*was*
They wanted to be the "best" or the most prestigious (imperialism was a competition)
The British were at the top
Why did the EIC have an upper-hand, who gave it to them?
How'd the EIC gain influence in India?
-Was granted exclusive trading rights across the Indian Ocean by the British Gov't
-Gained influence slowly by trading along the cost, ended up being massive company controlling majority of trade
Why was China considered the biggest prize for imperial powers in East Asia?
What non-European country joined as a imperial power in the late 1890s?
-China offered an enormous market(place) for European products (China failed to develop a strong manufacturing base)
-Japan, Meiji restoration(Westernization) and the aquired territories of Korea and Taiwan helped give power to Japan
In the 1800s, __ broke out across Africa as Euro. pwrs recognized what about Africa?
What are 3 wars that exemplify this?
Euro. pwrs met where to do what in 1884? 3 main things they claimed to do in Africa
_scramble_
-They recognized the economic potential
-Boer Wars- S. Africa, British win againist Dutch, wanted land for diamonds (1880);France conquered Tunsia (1881);Britain conquered Egypt (1882)
-Met @ Berlin Conference, to divide the remainder of Africa; 1end slavery, 2promote free trade, 3civilize/aid/ provide healthcare
During the Age of Revolutions, what did European powers lose most of? What are 2 key revolutions that are examples of Euro. pwrs losing this?
-Lost colonies in the Americas through independence movements
-American rev., British lost that colony
-Haitian rev., France lost that colony
Racism was another factor of the renewed imperialism. What did many people from the west believe? What are two examples?
-Believed they were inherently the best
-Social Darwinism "Survival of the fittest" if you are stronger you have to take control
-"White Man's Burden" white ppl had to "save" the world by bringing civilization
What did the EIC have that controlled much of India?
What did the EIC do to Indian culture, how? 1 example
-by 1800, EIC's private army (Sepoys; made up of Indians because they needed the money)
-EIC focused on westernization, manipulating the culture; Sati, a practice when the husband dies the wife must sacrifice herself, was gotten rid of
What European power took control of Indochina, what even is Indochina?
What country retained independence in Southeast Asia? Why?
-France; Indochina is made up of Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia
-Siam (present-day Thailand), was a buffer zone between the British and French colonies + took on Western indust. practices
King ___ of Belgium aquired his own __ ___ in the ___ (middle of S. Africa) in hopes of doing what?
What was The Rubber Terror?
_Leopold_
_private_ _colony_
_Congo_
-extracting reasorces for profit
-Africans were forced to work, harvesting rubber for K. Leopold's colony. Not meeting their quota of harvesting rubber would mean mutilation. 2 mill-10 mill deaths. money gained used to build in Belgium
What did European powers hope to do? How?
-Re-build their empires, by dominating other parts of the world (Asia and Africa)
In 1857, the ___ mutinied against the EIC, sparking widespread ___ across India. The was called the ___ ___Why did this happen?
_Sepoys_
_Rebellion_
_Great_ _Rebellion_
-Happened because of Greased Cartridge Controversy; cow/pig fat had to be bitten to use a weapon, disrespecting the Sepoys beliefs
What African state successfully defeat a Euro. pwr in 1896? What Euro. pwr? How was this state able to do this and who led the state?
-Yes; Anglo-Zulu war, Zulus tried but failed in a war with the British
-Ethiopia; Italy; had modernized their military; Emperor Menelik II modernized his country using Euro. tech
Industrialization greatly helped western pwrs. Western pwrs were stronger ___ due to tech advancements and were more productive ___ due to ___ .
_militarily_
_manufactures_ _mechanization_
What happened to The Great Rebellion?
-Was crushed mercilessly, Britain ended up taking control of India (Britain came in because things were getting very bloody), later disbanding the EIC. The British control of India was called the British Raj, the Empress of India was Queen Victoria.