Units 1/2
Name two things that can bring about a change in protein shape?
temperature and pH
Where does the substrate bind on an enzyme?
active site
What is an allele?
Different forms of a gene
How does natural selection lead to evolution?
the organisms that reproduce more due to their adaptations will have allele frequencies that are more common in the population due to more reproductive fitness
This organelle is found in plant cells and is responsible for photosynthesis.
What is a chloroplast?
Which part of the phospholipid bilayer is considered hydrophobic?
Fatty acid tail
Purpose: Mitosis for somatic growth/repair; Meiosis for gamete (sperm/egg) production.
Divisions: Mitosis involves one division; Meiosis involves two successive divisions.
Daughter Cells: Mitosis creates two identical clones; Meiosis creates four unique cells.
Chromosome Count: Mitosis maintains diploid (2n); Meiosis reduces to haploid (n).
Genetic Variation: Meiosis features crossing over in Prophase I; Mitosis has no genetic recombination.
Alignment: Mitosis aligns individual chromosomes; Meiosis I aligns homologous pairs.
What is crossing over?
What is independent assortment?
1. exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes
2. random separation of homologous chromosomes
This is the role of decomposers in an ecosystem.
What is they break down dead organisms and recycle nutrients back into the soil/environment?
Explain the fluid mosaic model of the cell membrane.
What is a membrane composed of a lipid bilayer with proteins that can move laterally, allowing for flexibility and function?
water's property of surface tension is due to
cohesion
Which direction are hydrogen ions pumped for the ETC in photosynthesis?
into the thylakoid space
What is the structure of DNA?
Molecules called nucleotides, each nucleotide has a phosphate group, sugar group, and a nitrogen base, its a double helix, + more stuff thats not listed on here
Warm blooded organisms are _____, while Cold blooded organisms are _____
endotherms, ectotherms
The light reactions of photosynthesis occur in this part of the chloroplast.
What is the thylakoid membrane? (Accept: thylakoids, grana)
What are the four things all cells have in common?
a plasma membrane, cytoplasm, DNA, and ribosomes
List phases of Mitosis in order and summarize what occurs during them.
What is incomplete dominance?
when one allele is not completely dominant over the other; blending of traits from parents (red+white=pink)
What is the founder's effect?
occurs when a small group breaks off from a larger population to establish a new colony, resulting in lower genetic diversity and a different gene pool than the original group.
Explain why the lagging strand requires Okazaki fragments while the leading strand does not.
What is DNA polymerase can only synthesize in the 5' to 3' direction, and the lagging strand runs 3' to 5', requiring fragments?
Walk through four stages of protein folding
Primary structure is the linear sequence of amino acids held together by covalent peptide bonds.
Secondary structure consists of local, repeating patterns like $\alpha$-helices and $\beta$-pleated sheets. These shapes are stabilized by hydrogen bonds
Tertiary structure is the full three-dimensional folding of a single polypeptide chain. This global shape is stabilized by interactions between R-groups. (disulfide bridges)
Quaternary structure occurs when multiple folded polypeptide chains, or subunits, assemble into one functional complex.
Compare aerobic respiration and anaerobic fermentation in terms of ATP production and end products.
What is aerobic respiration produces ~32-34 ATP and produces CO2 and H2O, while fermentation produces 2 ATP and produces lactate or ethanol?
Describe step-by-step how DNA is replicated.
Origins of replication bind to the DNA, and various proteins will attach. This allows for the replication fork to form and helicase will unwind DNA strands at each replication fork. Single stranded binding proteins will bind to DNA, stabilizing it and keep it open. Topoisomerase relaxes and prevents supercoiling and preventing damage. Primase adds short segments of RNA primers to the parental strand. DNA polymerase III comes in and attaches to each primer, moving along in the 3' to 5' strand (synthesizing in the 5' to 3'). The leading strand requires one primer, while the lagging strand requires multiple primers. Leading strand is synthesized in one continuous segment while the lagging strand is done in okazaki fragments. DNAP I replaces RNA nucleotides with DNA nucleotides.
What is a keystone species and what happens if they are removed?
A keystone species is an organism that defines an entire ecosystem and has a disproportionately large impact on its environment relative to its abundance. Removing them triggers drastic, often catastrophic, changes such as biodiversity loss, habitat degradation, and food web collapse
These are the three types of RNA involved in protein synthesis. Describe them and explain their functions.
What are mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA?