Interactions and Research
This term refers to the genetic passing of traits from parents to their children
Heredity
Alcohol, nicotine, and certain viruses that can harm a developing fetus go by this name
Teratogens
This ability allows infants to understand that objects still exist even when they are hidden
Object Permanence
These are the smallest units of sound in a language
Phonemes
In the Strange Situation experiment, infants who are upset when a caregiver leaves but easily comforted upon return show this attachment style
Secure Attachment
In psychology, it’s the classic “born this way or raised this way?” debate
Nature vs. Nurture
Stroke a newborn’s cheek and it will turn toward the stimulus; this automatic response is called this reflex
Rooting Reflex
Vygotsky used this term for the gap between what a learner can do alone and what they can do with help
Zone of Proximal Development
Repeated sounds like “ba-ba-ba" without clear meaning occur during this language stage
Babbling
This parenting style is known for being both warm and firm, with clear expectations
Authoritative Parenting
This research method gets quick results by comparing different age groups at the same time
Cross-Sectional Research
In famous experiment using this device, infants hesitate to crawl over what appears to be a drop-off, showing depth perception
Visual Cliff
A child who thinks a taller glass has more water than a shorter one has not yet mastered this concept
Conservation
Short phrases like “want cookie” are typical of this stage of early language development
Telegraphic Speech
In the ecological systems theory, interactions between home and school are part of this system
Mesosystem
Often summed up as “survival of the fittest,” this process explains how advantageous traits spread through a population
Natural Selection
This term refers to the limited time window during which language must be acquired for normal development
Critical Period
This instructional strategy involves giving support to a learner and gradually removing it as they gain independence
Scaffolding
When a child says “goed” instead of “went,” they are demonstrating this type of language error
Overgeneralization
This term describes the adolescent belief that others are constantly watching and judging them
Imaginary Audience
One major drawback of this method that follows the same participants over time is the possiblity for drop outs
Longitudinal Research
Psychologists use this term for the typical age ranges at which children reach milestones like walking or talking
Developmental Norms
According to Piaget, this stage allows individuals to think abstractly and reason through hypothetical situations
Formal Operational Stage
These two components of language refer to meaning and sentence structure
Semantics and Syntax
In Erikson’s theory, this stage focuses on contributing to society and guiding the next generation
Generativity vs. Stagnation