Epidemiology
Clinical medicine and epidemiology differ from each other in the major aspect of:
A. practice focus.
B. health monitoring.
C. determinants of health and disease.
D. evaluation of interventions.
A.practice focus.
A business executive develops symptoms of the flu 1 day after returning by air from a cross-Atlantic business trip that ran for 2 consecutive stressful 10-hour days. This individual's development of flu symptoms illustrates the relationship between:
A. host and agent.
B. host, agent, and environment.
C. risk and causality.
D. morbidity and disease.
B. host, agent, and environment.
The associations between risk and causality, morbidity and disease do not demonstrate the relationship to the development of flu.
The nurse who works in the community setting must ensure that the application of the best available evidence to improve practice is also:
A. accessible and diverse.
B. competent and compliant.
C. culturally and financially appropriate.
D. reasonable and deliverable in a timely fashion.
C. culturally and financially appropriate.
What are 3 components of epidemiologic triangle
A. Host
b. Agent
C. Environment
A nurse demonstrates cultural competence by using statements such as:
A. “I know how you feel.”
B. “Tell me about your health care beliefs.”
C. “Let me show you the way you should do this.”
D. “You can do things in a more modern way now.”
"Tell me about your health care beliefs.”
Nurses in community health often use epidemiology because in the community it is often difficult to control the environment. Which of the following statements demonstrates an epidemiologic strategy for monitoring disease trends?
A. A nurse in community health conducts an education class for clients newly diagnosed with diabetes.
B. A nurse in community health investigates a breakout of whooping cough in a local middle school.
C. A nurse in community health organizes a health fair at the community health center.
D. A nurse in community health participates on a county school board that addresses student health issues.
B. A nurse in community health investigates a breakout of whooping cough in a local middle school.
A nurse in community health who teaches a client with asthma to recognize and avoid exposure to asthma triggers and assists the family in implementing specific protection strategies such as removing carpets and avoiding pets is intervening at the level of:
A. assessment.
B. primary prevention.
C. secondary prevention.
D. tertiary prevention.
C. secondary prevention.
The gold standard of evidence gathering in evidence-based practice is:
A. clinical knowledge and judgment.
B. expert opinions.
C. randomized clinical trials.
D. theories of practice.
C. randomized clinical trials.
What is called the number of new cases or events in a population at risk during a specified time?
Incidence
It is important that nurses understand the nontraditional healing practices of their clients because:
A. folk practices are usually ineffective.
B. nurses can refer clients to the appropriate local folk healers.
C. safe, effective nontraditional healing methods can be blended with Western medicine.
D. the nurse must understand them to help the client give them up.
C. safe, effective nontraditional healing methods can be blended with Western medicine.
One of the basic concepts in epidemiology is the concept of risk. Risk refers to the:
A. prevalence of an event occurring.
B. probability that an event will occur within a specified time period.
C. population most likely to develop a disease.
D. rate of development of new cases.
B. probability that an event will occur within a specified time period.
A nurse is concerned about the accuracy of the PPD test in identifying cases of TB exposure for follow-up chest x-ray. The nurse's concern is addressing the validity measure of:
A. reliability.
B. sensitivity.
C. specificity.
D. variation.
B. sensitivity.
Sensitivity quantifies how accurately the test identifies those with the condition or trait. Sensitivity represents the proportion of persons with the disease whom the test correctly identifies as positive (true positives). High sensitivity is needed when early treatment is important and when identification of every case is important
One reason that nursing may be slow in developing evidence-based practice (EBP) in the community setting may be the lack of understanding about the links between EBP and:
A. evidence gathering.
B. research design.
C. research funding.
D. research use.
D. research use.
Total number of cases of the disease in the population at a given time, or the total number of cases in the population, divided by the number of individuals in the population is called what?
a+b=
Prevalence
A nurse who speaks only English has just gotten a new client for an intake interview. The client is a refugee who has very limited English proficiency (LEP). The nurse should:
A. get an interpreter.
B. see whether another nurse, more comfortable with refugees, will work with the client.
C. see what helpful information is on the Internet.
D. try to communicate with hand gestures.
A. get an interpreter.
Twenty people attended a church picnic the previous weekend. By Monday, four individuals exhibited symptoms of food poisoning. On Tuesday, the nurse in community health records the addition of two new cases. The incidence rate would be:
A. two new cases divided by 16 at risk.
B. two new cases divided by 20.
C. six cases divided by 20.
D. four cases divided by 16.
A. Two new cases divided by 16 at risk.
Analytic epidemiology differs from descriptive epidemiology because it searches for:
A. "when" of disease patterns.
B. "where" of disease patterns.
C. "why" of disease patterns.
D. "who" of disease patterns.
C. “why” of disease patterns.
Analytic epidemiology, on the other hand, searches for the determinants of the patterns observed—the how and why of disease patterns.
Descriptive epidemiology describes the distribution of disease, death, and other health outcomes in the population according to person, place, and time—the who, where, and when of disease patterns.
When a community health nurse uses evidence-based practice (EBP) to evaluate effectiveness, accessibility, and quality of personal and population-based services, the nurse is addressing the core public health function of:
A. assessment.
B. assurance.
C. policy development.
D. research.
B. assurance.
When a community health nurse uses evidence-based practice (EBP) to evaluate effectiveness, accessibility, and quality of personal and population-based services, the nurse is addressing the core public health function of assurance
Spreading rapidly and extensive by infection and affecting many individuals in an area of a population at the same timeis called what?
an epidemic
Nurses in community health who understand the basis of their own behaviors and how those behaviors help or hinder the delivery of competent care to persons from cultures other than their own are demonstrating the cultural competence development process construct of: A. cultural awareness. B. cultural desire. C. cultural encounter. D. cultural skill.
A. cultural awareness.
A breast cancer screening program screened 8000 women and discovered 35 women previously diagnosed with breast cancer and 20 women with no history of breast cancer diagnosed as a result of the screening. The prevalence proportion would reflect:
A. current and past breast cancer events in this population of women.
B. newly diagnosed cases of breast cancer in this population of women.
C. past breast cancer events in this population of women.
D. the population of women that had no evidence of breast cancer.
A. current and past breast cancer events in this population of women.
Which of the following tools are used in analytic epidemiology? (Select all that apply.)
A. cohort study
B. case-control study
C. cross-sectional study
D. clinical trials
E. community trials
A. cohort study
B. case-control study
C. cross-sectional study
When applying evidence-based practice (EBP), community-oriented nurses are primarily obligated to ensure that evidence applied to practice is:
A. acceptable to the community.
B. contains cost and reduces legal liability.
C. applied as a universal remedy.
D. limited to research findings.
A. acceptable to the community.
Public health nurses consider EBP as a process to improve practice and outcomes and use the evidence to influence policies that will improve the health of communities.
Web of causation describes what?
Compares variables that lead to chronic disease
In caring for a young adult from West Africa, the community nurse is introduced to another individual who is referred to as “auntie.” A culturally competent nurse who is aware of the basic organizing factor of culture related to social organization would:
A. assess the competence of the “auntie” to care for the young adult.
B. assume that the “auntie” is related to one of the young adult’s parents.
C. declare that the young adult is capable of making personal health decisions.
D. find out who is considered to be a member of the family.
D. find out who is considered to be a member of the family.