Property
This estate lasts for the life of someone other than the holder, such as "to A for the life of B"
pur autre vie
Under this doctrine, a promise is enforced when the promisee reasonable relied on it to their detriment, and enforcement is necessary to prevent injustice.
promissory estoppel
This standard compares a defendant's conduct to that of a hypothetical adult who uses common sense and avoids unreasonable risks
Reasonably Prudent Person Standard
This rule allows any non-party aged 18+ or a U.S. Marshal to serve a summons
FRCP 4
This interest must best if at all within 21 years of a life in being or it violates this
Rule against perpetuities
Under the majority English rule, the landlord must deliver this type of possession to the tenant at the start of the lease
Actual possession
Under this rule, multiple documents can collectively satisfy the Statute of Frauds if they relate to the same transaction and show essential terms.
The Composite Document Rule (Crabtree)
This balancing test evaluates whether a defendant breached their duty by comparing burden, probability, and severity of harm.
Hand test, B<PL
this rule requires signatures on filings and authorizes sanctions for violations
FRCP 11
Under Ernst v. Conditt, a transfer of the tenant's entire remaining lease term is this, regardless of labels
This nonfreehold estate continues for fixed time and ends automatically without need for notice.
Term of years tenancy
These contractual arrangements require separate consideration to make an offer irrevocable and do not themselves serve as acceptance
Option contracts
The elements of this tort are Duty, Breach, Causation, Damages
Negligence
this rule allows a defendant to bring in a third party who may be liable to them if the defendant is liable to the plaintiff
FRCP 14 (Impleader)
Under this doctrine, a co-tenant in possession seeking contributions for repairs must credit the other co-tenant for the value or sole occupancy
the rule from esteves v. esteves
This future interest follows a fee simple subject to an executory limitation and cuts short a transferee's interest
a shifting executory interest
This form of restitutionary liability arises even when no contract existed, but a benefit was conferred and retained under circumstances making nonpayment unjust
quasi-contract (implied in law)
This type of liability applied when multiple defendants act together toward a single tortious result
Joint and several liability / concert of action
This rule allows non-parties to join a lawsuit as of right or with permission
FRCP 24
this estate end automatically upon breach of a durational condition and is followed by a possibility of reverter
fee simple determinable
in this marital property system, all property acquired during marriage is jointly owned regardless of title
community property
This UCC section governs whether additional or different terms in an acceptance between merchants become part of the contract
UCC §2-207
The Thing rule which limits the Dillon test
(1) is closely related to the injured victim (2) is present at the scene of the injury-producing event at the time it occurs and is then aware that it is causing injury to the victim (3) and as a result, suffers serious emotional distress (a reaction beyond would be anticipated by a disinterested witness and not an abnormal response to the circumstances.
This rule allows narrow yes/no questions that become admitted if not answered
FRCP 36
this future interest must divest the transferor and is created when possession shifts after a gap, such as "one year after A's death."
springing executory interest