Week 1/2
Week 3
Week 4
Week 5
Week 6
100

A patient goes into an MRI for a suspected bowel tumour, what planes of the body are being scanned?

Transverse, Sagittal and Coronal

(Content from Week 2)

100

What are the different stages of the cell cycle and give a brief description in what occurs in each stage?

Interphase - Cell prepares for replication

Prophase - Chromosomes condesnse, centrioles move to opposite poles

Prometaphase - Nuclear envelope dissolves

Metaphase - Chromosomes line up at center of cell

Anaphase - Chromosomes split and go to either ends of the cell

Telophase - Nuclear envelope reforms around chromosome, cytoplasm divides

Cytokinesis - Cells split

100

Cynthia James has fallen pregnant. Her husband James is ecstatic about the news. In which 3 ways has genetic diversity occurred in this scenario and at what time/phase does it occur in?

Crossing Over - Prophase 1, physical exchange of DNA between 2 homologous chromosomes

Independent Assortment - Orientation of chromosomes at metaphase

Parents are not related

100

Give 5 differences between eukaryotes and prokaryotes.

Prokaryote vs Eukaryote

Size - .4-2.0um vs 5-100um diamter

Nucleus - No defined region vs Bound by double membrane, contains DNA

Genetic Material - plasmid or double stranded DNA vs double stranded DNA with histones to form chromosomes

Membrane Bound organelles - Absent vs Present

Endoplasmic reticulum - Absent vs Present

Ribosomes - smaller 70s vs larger 80s

Reproduce - asexually binary fission vs sexual or asexual

100

Explain the difference between passive and active transport?

Passive processes = no cellular energy (ATP) required, substances moves down their concentration gradients, can be “facilitated” or “not facilitated”

Active processes = energy (ATP) required, always “facilitated”, can be against the concentration gradient

200

Chase woke up this morning and had a big breakfast. After this he went for his morning run but as he was about to finish he fell on the sidewalk and scraped his knee.

Give 2 feedback loops present in this scenario?

Positive Feedback = Blood clotting 

Negative Feedback = Vaso Dilation, Increasing blood glucose levels

200

What occurs during interphase in the cell cycle and what are the distinct phases?

G1 = Cell growth & preparation of chromosomes for replication

G0 = Quiescent State, cell cycle machinery is dismantled, cells are neither dividing or preparing for division

S = Synthesis of DNA & duplication of the centrosome

G2 = Preparation for Division

200

What are the two types of Chromatin and describe their structure and function?

Heterochromatin = Tightly packed/condensed DNA, less transcriptionally active, AT-rich

Euchromatin = Lightly pack/relaxed DNA, most active proportion genome, GC-rich

200

What is the difference between cilia, microvilli and stereocilia? Give a brief description of their function, structure and where they are found. 

Cilia - Motile projections from the apical surface, Beat rhythmically to move material (e.g. mucus) along the surface. Found in the upper respiratory tract, Fallopian tube

Microvilli - Non-motile projections from the apical surface, Increase surface area for absorption or secretion, GIT (Small Intestine)

Stereocilia - Long microvilli, Non-motile projections from the apical surface of the cells of the epididymis                             

200

Describe the general structure of a neuron. 

Soma (perikaryon)                                           Nerve cell body, containing nucleus and organelles, present in distinct locations, CNS - grey matter and PNS - ganglia

Dendrites = Usually many, Receive stimuli and pass to soma

Axon/fibre = Single, transmits impulse away from soma

300

What are the different macromolecules and their respective subunit?

Protein and Amino Acid

Lipid and Fatty Acid

Carbohydrates and Mono/Polysaccaride

Nucleic Acids and Nucleotide

(Content from Week 2)

300

Cynthia James is planning for a baby with her husband Sean. She takes a pregnancy test 8 days after their last attempt and it comes back positive. What stage of embryonic development will she have reached and describe the structure of the cell? 

The blastocyst would have implanted. Consists of trophoblast cells and inner cell mass. 

300

Explain the difference in activity between cardiac, smooth and skeletal muscle?

Cardiac = Strong, quick, continuous, involuntary contraction

Smooth = Weak, slow, continuous contraction

Skeletal = Strong, quick, discontinuous, voluntary contraction

300

What are the four types of collagen?

Type I: Most common type. ‘Typical’ collagen comprising thick fibres, often arranged in bundles

Type II: Mainly in cartilage. Fibrils embedded in cartilage ground substance

Type III: Reticular fibres. Small fibres forming networks, support blood vessels, muscle, lymphoid organs, form the reticular lamina of basement membrane

Type IV: Does not form fibres or fibrils. Major component of the basal lamina

300

What are the 4 types of active transport?

Primary active transport = ions are “pumped” across the membrane, powered by ATP, e.g. Na+ / K+ / ATPase pump

Secondary active transport = depends on ion gradient created by primary active transport, energy stored in ionic gradient used indirectly to drive transport of other solutes

“bulk transport”/vesicular transport

can be against concentration gradient, requires energy, typically “bulk” movement of substances

Endocytosis = phagocytosis, pinocytosis, receptor-mediated

Exocytosis = vesicular trafficking

400

What properties makes water the universal solvent?

Maintains body temperature

High heat capacity & heat of vaporisation

Transports nutrients & respiratory gases away, out and to cells in blood and urine

Carries the most substances out of any solvent due to its polarity

Ensures adequate blood volume

Participates in chemical reactions

Hydrolysis/condensation

Cushioning around body organs/lubricant around joints/surfaces

Hydrates eyes, mouth, nose

400

Sean James's family has a history of anemia. He goes online to look at genetics and finds the terms: Chromosomes, Centromere, Telomere and Chromatid. He is confused about their structure and role. He decides to go with his wife Cynthia to meet you and to clear up his confusion. Define the terms above and specify their structure and function. 

Chromosomes have two (2) arms

p arm (petite/short arm); q arm (long arm)

Chromosome always orientated with p arm at top

 

Centromere

Site of spindle fibre attachment (mitosis, meiosis)

Necessary for proper segregation of chromosomes

 

Telomere

Defined ends of each Chromosome, responsible for stability

Contains repetitive sequence (TTAGGG)


Chromatid

One copy of a duplicated chromosome

Called sister chromatids if joined by the centromere

400

Sean James goes to the GP after finding out his wife is pregnant. He is confused by a few terms he found when researching about genetics as his family has a history of hemophilia. He asks the doctor about the terms deletion, duplication, translocation and the two types of inversions as he can't seem to understand it. Define the above terms. 

Deletion - DNA region is remove

Duplication - DNA region is duplicated/copied and inserted twice

Translocation - Regions of DNA are moved between chromosomes

Pericentric - includes centromere

Paracentric - excludes centromere

400

What are 4 types of junction complexes. Give a brief definition of each. 

Tight junction = Seals off basolateral compartment from apical compartment

Adherent junction = Holds cells together

Desmosome = Strong adhesion between cells

Gap junction = Allows rapid communication between cells     

400

What are the 4 types of passive membrane transport?

Simple Diffusion - directly through phospholipid bilayer

Carrier Mediated Facilitated Diffusion - Via protein carrier specific for one channel, binding of substrate causes shape change in transport protein

Channel Mediated Facilitated Diffusion - through a channel protein, mostly ions selected on basis of size and charge

Osmosis - through phospholipid bilayer and channel protein (aquaporin)

500

A swab of a patient's saliva with a suspected bacterial infection is sent to the pathology lab. The pathologist sees two different distinct type of cells with different cell wall composition. What are the two types of cell wall and how can they be differentiated?

Gram-positive and Gram negative and 

Gram-positive = Thick outer layer of peptidoglycan and complex poly-saccharides called teichoic acids attached to the outside, no lipid membrane

Gram-negative = Thin peptidoglycan layer and have an outer lipid membrane. 

500

Cynthia James finds out she is pregnant and researches online on where she is in her pregnancy. It mentions that 3 layers would have formed. What are these 3 layers and what specific cells do they form?

Endoderm - alveolar cells, thyroid cells and digestive cells

Mesoderm - cardiac muscle cells, muscle cells, tubule cells of the kidney, red blood cells and smooth muscle cells

Ectoderm - Skin cells, neurons, pigment cells

500

What are the 4 differences between Meiosis and Mitosis?

Mitosis = Growth and Repair, Somatic cells, Genetically identical to parents, 1 division, ends with two diploid cells

Meiosis = Reproduction, Gametes, Genetically different to parents, 2 division, ends with 4 haploid cells

500

A patient comes into the GP clinic with a persistent cough, fever, a sever headache and a felling of complete exhaustion. The doctor believes the patient has a bacterial infection and chooses to prescribe an antibiotic. What are the 5 actions in which an antibiotic could target a bacteria? 

1.Cell Wall Synthesis = destroys peptidoglycan and prevent synthesis

2. Cell Membrane = damage membranes, inhibition of cell wall synthesis

3. Nucleic Acids = targets enzymes that are unique to prokaryotic, specifically replication and transcription enzymes

4. Protein Synthesis = Interfere with ribosome, prokaryotic ribosome different than eukaryotic, targets tRNA

5. Metabolism = folic acid synthesis and para-aminobenzoic acid (PABA)

500

A woman is 8 months pregnant when she goes to visit the GP for a routine check-up. She mentions to the doctor that she has been drinking a decent amount, about 5 standard drinks every other day. The doctor is worried about the effect of this on the child especially as it crosses the placenta. What determines placental transport and why is the alchol able to cross the placenta?

Size

Hydrophobicity/lipophilicity

Concentration gradient

Consumption & metabolism

Characteristics of microvillus vs basal

- Specific transporters

- Surface area

It is polar and small in size, it can easily diffuse from the maternal blood to the fetal blood through the interstitial space of the placenta.

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