Chapter 2
4 elements that form part of the 96% of the body‘s mass?
Carbon
hydrogen
oxygen
nitrogen
All biochemical reactions in living things are called:
A. thermodynamics
B. metabolism
C. respiration
D. phosphorylation
Metabolism
The only step of cellular respiration that does NOT require oxygen is:
Glycolysis
From the membrane transport which one transport big subtances inside the cell?
requieres energry?
phagocytosis
What is cyclin?
serve as a check point to prevent damage cells from replication.
When atoms are more stable?
when they have a full valence shell
What is the goal of cellular respiration?
to harvest potential energy to make ATP?
what is ATP?
how much ATP is produced during cellular respiration? Theoretical?
36 and 6 are used during the process
What is the Central Dogma Theory
explains how genetic information flows inside a cell
Replication (DNA → DNA)
Transcription (DNA → RNA)
Translation (RNA → Protein)
What is apoptosis?
PCD
program cell death
what are the properties of water?
transport
cushion
lubricante
excretes waste
What is the function of an enzyme?
protein catalyst that facilitate chemical reaction by decreasing the activation energy (Ea) and increase the activation rate.
MEMBRANE PROTEIN
__________________ play a role in recognition of healthy/ unhealthy / cancerous.
And __________________ secure cytoskeleton to the PM
Cell-identity markers
Linkers (anchoring sites )
What are the 3 step of transcription?
initiation
elongation
termination
What is necrosis?
incidental cell death cause by an injury or infection (Tissue death)
What is the difference between non electrolytes and electrolytes?
non electrolytes dissolve but doesn’t disassociate
electrolytes dissolve and disassociate
what are some examples?
What is a competitive inhibitor?
Inhibitor that resembles the substrate and binds to the active site.
how you overcome competitive inhibitors?
____________ strengthen the plasma membrane, and ____________ provide a barrier and maintain the shape of the plasma membrane.
Cholesterol
lipids
What are the differences and similarities between simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion?
the both are passive trasport and doesn’t require energy
simple diffusion doesn’t require a protein carrier and facilitated diffusion does.
What is the test you get done to see if you have the gene for breast cancer?
BRCA1/2
What are the 4 levels of proteins structure/folding?
what occurs in each structure
Primary = linear sequence
Secondary = alpha helix and betta pleated sheet
Depend of H- bonds
Tertiary = final 3D shape
Folding depend of interaction with water
Quaternary = recruitment of 2 or more protein strands.
What is a decomposition reaction and a synthesis reaction?
(Anabolic / catabolic)
Decomposition reaction is the breakdown of a large molecule into a smaller structure (CATABOLIC)
Synthesis reaction - two or more structures combined form a larger structure. (ANABOLIC)
What establish and maintains the concentration gradient?
Plasma Membrane
What is the process where pre-mRNA to mRNA?
Splicing
Why elephants doesn’t develop cancer?
they have 20 copies of p53 gene
TUMOR SUPPRESOR GENE