macromolecules
whats a monomer?
the building block for polymers - "one sugar"
what are nucleic acids? what are the chemical compounds? what is their function? what is the monomer?
what are they - dna, rna
what are they made of - carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, phosphate
what are the used for - storing and transmitting genetic information
what is the monomer - nucleotide
what is the 2 processes of photosynthesis?
light dependant reactions and light independant reactions
what is NADPH?
A Vital coenzyme that acts as an electron donor, providing the reducing power necessary for anabolic (building) reactions and cellular defense.
what are organelles? examples
a subcellular (component of bigger cell) structure that has one or more major job to preform in the body. either mitochondria, which are the powerhouse, or chloroplasts, that preform photosynthesis
what are the 4 macromolecules?
nucleic acid, protein, lipids, and carbohydrates
main process of photosynthesis (order)
capture of light --> light dependant reactions --> calvin cycle
where does the calvin cycle take place?
stroma
what are carbohydrates? what are their chemical compounds? what is their function? what is the monomer?
what are they - carbohydrates are sugars
what are they made of - carbon/hydrogen/oxygen 1:2:1
what are the used for - short term energy
what is the monomer - monosaccharide "one sugar"
what are all plant parts? how are they relevant?
stromata - under leaf, absorbs sunlight
chloroplasts - organelle, preforms photosynthesis
thylakoid - contains chlorophyll, light dependant reactions, stacks called grana and individually called granum
chlorophyll - absorbs blue and red wavelengths so that water can be split
what are the 3 steps of the calvin cycle and what happens during them
1) carbon fixation - The enzyme RuBisCO attaches atmospheric CO2 to a five-carbon molecule called RuBP, creating a six-carbon molecule that quickly splits into two molecules of 3-phosphoglycerate (3-PGA).
2) reduction - ATP provides energy, and NADPH provides electrons and hydrogen atoms to convert each 3-PGA molecule into a three-carbon sugar called glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P).
3) regeneration - Most of the G3P molecules are used to reform RuBP, which is essential to continue the cycle and capture more CO2. A net gain of one G3P molecule can leave the cycle and be used to create glucose and other organic compounds needed for the plant's growth.
what are lipids? what are their chemical compounds? what is their function? what is the monomer?
what are they - long term energy
what are they made of - carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
what are the used for - oils, fats, cell membranes
what is the monomer - fatty acids, no true monomer
define and describe light independant reactions, and where they are located
it happens in the calvin cycle - located in the stroma (fluid outside). instead of light, it uses carbon fixation (where is captures co2 and through enzymes turns it into glucose). this is then turned into atp via cellular respiration
so, essentially, during the calvin cycle, how is the process of photosynthesis getting back the 2 atp + net gain it uses during glycolysis?
the enzymes fix carbon into RuBP, a five carbon molecule, that turns into 6, and then splits into 3 and 1 and 3 and 1 (3 PGA). then, during reduction, atp produced during glycolysis allows the 3 PGA into a three carbon suger called G3P. lastly, during regeneration, that is converted to reform RuBP again, and also giving a net gain of ADP.
what are proteins? what are the chemical compounds? what is their function? what is the monomer?
what are they - amino acids, enzymes
what are they made of - carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen, and oxygen
what are the used for - muscle, nails and skin
what is the monomer - amino acids
define and describe light dependant reactions, and where they are located
the process of photosynthesis (located in the thylakoid membrane of chloroplasts) which requires sunlight, absorbs (red and blue waves) by the chlorophyll pigment in the leaves, allowing water to be split (releasing O2 into atmosphere and generating glucose as a product). this is where cellular respiration occurs in the mitochondria, using the glucose produced to make ATP and NADPH.
so, really, how is photosynthesis working?
light is captured by stromata, which then begins the light dependant reactions in which that water is split (releasing o2 and generating glucose).
next, it enters light indpendant reactions (calvin cycle) in the stroma where carbon fixation, reduction, and regeneration happens.
during carbon fixation, the enzyme RuBisCO attaches atmospheric CO2 to a five-carbon molecule called RuBP, creating a six-carbon molecule that quickly splits into two molecules of 3-phosphoglycerate (3-PGA). the, ATP provides energy, and NADPH (both produced during light dependant)provides electrons and hydrogen atoms to convert each 3-PGA molecule into a three-carbon sugar called glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P).
lasty, most of the G3P molecules are used to reform RuBP, which is essential to continue the cycle and capture more CO2. A net gain of one G3P molecule can leave the cycle and be used to create glucose and other organic compounds needed for the plant's growth.