Humanism
What was humanism? When did it occur?
Humanism was a cultural movement that was born in the 14th century and continued until the 16th century. It was a new way of interpreting the world. Humanism influenced science, technology, religion and art.
Where was the birthplace of the Renaissance and what was it?
The Renaissance was an artistic movement that emerged in Italy and spread throughout Europe. It had two main stages, the Quattrocento and the Cinquecento.
What did Renaissance sculpture in Italy focus on representing?
The human body.
Proportion and harmony.
What was the Counter-Reformation?
When the Church realized the magnitude of the Reformation, it began a Counter-Reformation. This was an internal movement intended to reorganize and refresh the Church. It was also aimed at resisting Protestantism.
Toward the end of the Middle Ages, some European monarchs reduced the power of the nobility, strengthened their own authority and created powerful monarchies.
This new form of government was known as ______?
Authoritarian monarchy.
Name at least two notable humanists.
Erasmus of Rotterdam, Thomas More, Antonio de Nebrija, Luis Vives and Isotta Nogarola.
Name at least three common characteristics of Renaissance architecture.
Horizontal lines above vertical elements. Symmetry and proportion by creating buildings that included classical elements (rounded arches, Ionic and Corinthian columns, barrel vaulting and domes).
What kinds of paintings were popular in Italy during the Renaissance.
Mythological scenes, portraits and landscapes.
Name at least two criticisms of the Catholic Church in the Modern Age.
1) The clergy was often untrained. The higher clergy lived a life of luxury.
2) It had become more common for people without religious vocation to buy ecclesiastical positions.
3) Priests interpreted the Bible, but with more copies being made people began to question the interpretations.
4) Popular faith was heavily influenced by superstition.
5) Indulgences were issued by the Pope.
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Name at least three things that humanists supported.
Anthropocentrism, Individualism, reason and experience, vernacular language, and were inspired by Classical Greek and Roman philosophy, literature and art.
Compare the focus of art and architecture from the Middle Ages and the Renaissance.
In the Middle Ages, art was created for religious purposes. However, Renaissance artists made humans their main focus. They looked for ideal forms of beauty and found inspiration in the classical worlds.
Name one artist who created a version of the statue of David.
Donatello or Michelangelo.
Name three Protestant doctrines.
Lutheranism, Calvinism, Anglicanism.
Name the 5 most prominent monarchies of the 16th century in Europe.
France, England, Portugal, Spain and Russia.
Explain the four ways that humanist ideas were spread.
1) Exchanged ideas by traveling and by writing letters. 2) They met in academies to share ideas and knowledge.
3)Universities promoted the study of classical culture. 4) The printing press allowed for more books to be published cheaply and quickly.
Explain some scientific advances of the Renaissance and name specific areas of advances.
During the Middle Ages, the ideas of great thinkers were accepted without question. However, at the beginning of the. Modern Age, science began to question those ideas. There were great advances in areas such as astronomy, mathematics, physics and cartography.
What was the difference between Spanish sculpture and Italian sculpture.
Spanish sculpture sought to express intense feelings through its characters, rather than the ideal beauty of Italian sculpture.
Explain the role of women in the home and at work.
1) Women were educated to be a better wife and mother.
2) Women worked as farm laborers, nurses, dressmakers, cooks, servants... and many worked in their husband or father's businesses.
Explain at least two ways that the Reyes Católicos wanted to create a homogenous society based on Catholicism.
1) The Inquisition was established in Castilla and in Aragón. This was a church tribunal to persecute heresy. It acted with great force.
2) In 1492, Jews were expelled if they did not convery to Christianity.
3) in 1502, the Muslim population were also expelled if they did not convert to Christianity.
Define anthropocentrism and individualism.
Anthropocentrism- In the Middle Ages, everything revolved around God. Humanists did not reject religion, but they believed human intelligence was the key to understanding the world.
Individualism- This was derived from anthropocentrism. It was demonstrated in the biographies of famous people from antiquity. A social theory favoring freedom of action for individuals over collective or state control.
Name the three architectural styles in Spain and compare them to each other.
Plateresque- This style was characterized by very abundant decoration that included medallions, shells and candelabra.
Classicist- In this style, the overall harmony of the building was more important than its decoration.
Herrerian- Buildings in this style were characterized by their sobriety and almost total lack of decoration.
Explain the simple version of the story of the "Birth of Venus" which we discussed in class.
The painting depicts the birth of the goddess Venus, emerging from the sea as a fully-grown woman. Venus is shown standing on a scallop shell, symbolizing her birth, and being blown towards the shore by Zephyrus, the god of the west wind, while the nymph Chloris awaits her on land, ready to cover her with a cloak.
Explain at least two ideas of Martin Luther about the reformation.
1) People are saved by their faith, not their actions.
2) Christians reach God directly through prayer. Mediation by a Priest is not required.
3) The Pope's authority is rejected. Truth is in the Holy Scriptures which the faithful are free to read and interpret.
4) The only true sacraments are Baptism and Eucharist. The cult of the Virgin and the saints is rejected.
5) The celibacy of the clergy is not compulsory because it was instituted by the Church, not by God.
Explain at least three ways that monarchs enacted authoritarian monarchy toward the end of the Middle Ages.
1) They created a centralized administration: officials were at the monarchs' service.
2) They formed permanent royal armies, which followed the monarchs' orders instead of being led by the feudal lords.
3) They increased taxes to pay for the army and the civil services.
4) They limited the powers of the representative assemblies. Furthermore, the assemblies met on fewer occasions.
5) They created a diplomatic service to improve international relations and defend their interests abroad.