Plant Water Relations
Diffusion: movement of a substance from an area of high to an area of lower chemical potential. Diffusion is the dispersion of substances by the movement of their molecules, equalizing their concentration throughout the system. Each substance moves randomly and independently. Diffusion requires a concentration gradient (difference).
Where do the following take place? Glycolysis Krebs/Citric Acid cycle ETC Oxidative Phosphorylation
Glycolysis: cytosol
Krebs/Citric Acid cycle: in mitochondrial matrix
ETC: mitochondrial inner membrane
Oxidative Phosphorylation:mitochondrial inner membrane
Green pigment in all green plants and green cyanobacteria
Chlorophyll a
A complex organic compound composed of many (100 or more) amino acids joined by peptide bonds
______ is required for synthesis of sugars, to keep turgor of cells, as a solvent and as transport medium.
- Glucose (6C) is broken into two 3C molecules of pyruvate. 2 ATP is required to start this process and 4 are created in this process.
NAD accepts electrons and is reduced to NADH. NADH goes to the ETC.
A unique form of photosynthesis in stem and leaf succulent species which works as follows: Unlike normal plants, their stomates open at night. Carbon dioxide is chemically captured and temporarily stored in the form of organic acids. In the daytime, stomates close and water is conserved Photosynthesis still can proceed using carbon dioxide released from the accumulated acids
Time separates the C3 and C4 pathways.
Crassulacean acid metabolism CAM plants
Meiosis results in _________ cells.
In RNA, the base _____ replaces the DNA base ______.Thus the base-pairing rules in transcription are
uracil (U) , thymine (T)
A→U, T→A, C→G, and G→C
Transpiration
What (3) useful and (1) byproduct molecules are given off as the (Acetyl + oxaloacetate = citrate) citrate molecule is transformed during the cycle?
c4 plants have spacial separation between C3 (bundle sheath) and c4 (mesophyll) pathways (Kranz Anatomy)
CAM plants have a time separation. (Both C3 and C4 are in mesophyll) C4 cycle happens at night.
The principle of independent assortment states that:
Genes assort independently in reproductive cells
mRNA: Synthesized using DNA as a template. Information carried by mRNA is used to synthesize a protein.
tRNA: pairs the correct aminoacid with each mRNA codon during protein synthesis. Ribosomes help complete this process.
Describe the processes that drive water movement via positive root pressure / Guttation.
In the absence of transpiration (at night or when moisture levels are high), roots can generate positive pressure to take in water.
Solutes will concentrate in the xylem, creating lowered water potential there. Water will diffuse into it, forcing the uptake of more water from the soil.
- NADH and FADH2 release their gained electrons to the electron transport chain.
- The proteins of the electron transport chain accept the electrons, become energized and pump H+ to the mitochondrial intermembrane space.
-This creates the strong electrochemical gradient between the inner matrix and inner membrane space.
Photorespiration is caused by the affinity of _______________ to ________.
RUBISCO to O2
monohybrid cross vs dihybrid cross
Monohybrid cross: XX vs xx
Dihybrid cross: RRYY x rryy
https://www.differencebtw.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/monohybrid-vs-dihybrid-990x495.jpg
Describe cohesion-tension theory. Be sure to include transpiration, water potential, and molecular forces in your response.
Water evaporates from the leaf (transpiration), locally lowering water potential of leaf tissues. Water will diffuse from adjacent cells, now with a higher water potential, creating a pull due to the cohesion between water molecules. This pulling force will extend to the roots and soil and will constantly lift a column of water throughout the plant. Adhesion is a contributing force to the movement of water in the xylem. Adhesion is the “sticking” of water molecules to the walls of the xylem.
- The electrochemical gradient activates the ATP synthase complex (in the mitochondrial inner membrane) that pumps hydrogens (H+) back to the mitochondrial matrix.
- The potential energy of hydrogen ions passing through the ATP synthase complex energizes the synthesis of ATP from ADP.
Describe: alternation of generations
With both a haploid and a diploid phase.
Haploid, gamete producing phase is also known as the gametophyte.Direct product of meiosis is haploid spores.
Spores germinate by mitosis to produce the gametophyte.
Protein synthesis: 1. Transcription a. A molecule of RNA (single stranded, with uracil rather than thymine and ribose rather than deoxyribose) is copied from the DNA template of a gene. b. The RNA molecule is edited, introns are spliced out and the exons are ligated to form a mature mRNA molecule that exits the nucleus. 2. Translation a. Key shaped molecules of tRNA (transfer RNA) have anticodons (complement to the codons in the mRNA) on their heads and carry the corresponding aminoacid on their tails. b. The ribosomes clamp to the mRNA molecule and “read” it by sliding from the start codon (AUG) until they meet a stop codon. c. Ribosomes assemble the corresponding aminoacyl-tRNAs to the codons of the mRNA and bind the aminoacids into a peptide chain. d. Initiation: ribosomes clamp to the mRNA, the start codon (AUG) is at the P site that receives the first aminoacyl-tRNA. Site A is vacant. e. Elongation: The second aminoacyl-tRNA enters the A site. The first aminoacid (Meth) is attached to the aminoacid of the second tRNA. The first tRNA exits. The ribosome slides another codon down the mRNA strand. Now the second tRNA bearing the growing peptide chain is in P. A new aminoacyl-tRNA enters the A site and the process continues. f. Termination: A new protein or protein unit is formed and released when the ribosome reaches a stop codon. g. Protein editing may take place.