Amendments
Powers not expressly given to federal government by the Constitution are reserved to the states or the people. Also known as "reserved powers amendment" or "states' rights amendment"
10th Amendment
Family, TV/Media, friends/peers, school are examples of how we develop (absorb) opinions & beliefs
Agents of Socialization
Set up the 1st independent American government (1783-88); a nonbinding "league of friendship" among sovereign states with weak central government
Articles of Confederation
Grants given to the states by the federal government for a general purpose, like education or road-building. States have the discretion to decide how to spend the money
Block Grants
Established by C.J. Marshall in McCulloch v. Maryland. Congress has the power to make all laws that are "necessary and proper" for carrying out its enumerated powers
Doctrine of Implied Powers
Abolished slavery. First of three "Reconstruction Amendments" passed after the Civil War (1865-70)
13th Amendment
A set of basic, foundational values and beliefs about government that is shared by most citizens. Key elements: democracy, equality before the law, limited government, capitalism, and private property
American Political Culture
A group who opposed ratification of the Constitution and opposed a strong central government
Anti-Federalists
A grant given to the states by the federal government for a specific purpose or program. The federal government tells the states exactly how to spend the money. Example is Medicaid
Categorical Grant
Commerce clause case decision that greatly enlarged Congress' interstate commerce power by broadly defining the meaning of "commerce" to include virtually all types of economic activity.
Gibbons v. Ogden
Established the direct election of senators (instead of being chosen by state legislatures)
17th Amendment
"Copy-cat" behavior. People often do things just because other people do them. In primary elections, it is when people support the candidate everyone else seems to be supporting.
Bandwagon Effect
Written in 1788 by Madison, Hamilton, and Jay to support ratification of the Constitution.
Federalist Papers
A system where federal & state governments help each other perform governmental duties (marble-cake)
Cooperative Federalism
This was established by C.J. Marshall in 1803 in Marbury v. Madison when the COurt declared an act of Congress unconstitutional
Judicial Review Doctrine
Limits the president to two terms
22nd Amendment
EOP group that includes the President's most trusted personal advisors (led by White House Chief of Staff); members do not need senate confirmation
White House Office
Written by Madison to support the ratification of the Constitution by demonstrating how the Separation of Powers and the system of Checks and Balances would work
Federalist #51
The federal government using money (grants) to influence & control states.
Fiscal Federalism
In today's court, who is the Supreme Court Chief Justice?
John Roberts
(1) All persons born in the U.S. are citizens; (2) no person can be deprived of life, liberty, or property without DUE PROCESS OF LAW; (3) no state can deprive a person of EQUAL PROTECTION of the laws.
14th Amendment
Judicial doctrine that applies the Bill of Rights (one right at a time) to state and local governments by incorporating them into the concept of liberty in the 14th Amendment's Due Process Clause
Selective Incorporation Doctrine
Era in the South after the Civil War (1865) until the 1950s when African Americans could vote but were still subjected to discriminatory state laws enforcing segregation and even kept from voting
Jim Crow Era
The drawing of district boundaries by state legislature to benefit a party, group, or incumbents. Major types are political & racial.
Gerrymandering
The senate must confirm any presidential appointment to the federal or Supreme Court Justice
Legislative Check on Judicial Branch