DNA and RNA
What is the central Dogma of life?
DNA-RNA-Protein
What is a mutation?
A change in genetic information
What is cell division?
A growing cell divides into two daughter cells before it can become too large
What is the cell cycle?
Cells growing and preparing for division
In prophase the genetic material inside the cell duplicates, the chromosomes become visible, spindles form, and the nucleus starts to dissolve.
What are the three main differences of DNA and RNA
The sugar in DNA is deoxyribose the sugar in RNA is ribose
RNA is generally single stranded whist DNA is double stranded
DNA pairs A-T G-C RNA pairs A-U G-C
What is a point mutation?
a mutation that only involves changing one point in the DNA sequence; substations, insurrections, deletions.
Why is it difficult to maintain a large cell?
The larger the cell the more demands on the DNA and larger cells have trouble transporting nutrients across the cell membrane.
What is the process of the cell cycle?
G1 cell growth S DNA replicated G2 preparation for mitosis M mitosis and cytokinesis
What is metaphase?
The chromosomes line up in the middle, the spindles attach to them, and the spindles begin pulling them apart.
What are the three main types of RNA? What do they do?
messenger RNA or mRNA carries messages from DNA to other parts of the cell
ribosomal RNA rRNA builds part of the ribosome
Transfer RNA tRNA transfers amino acids to the ribosomes
What is a frameshift mutation?
A mutation that changes the reading pattern of codons; insertions deletions
What is the difference between asexual and sexual reproduction
Sexual reproduction requires two organism to make a new organism asexual only requires one organism but the offspring is a direct copy
What is the in-between phase of cell division that cells spend most of their time in called?
interphase
What is anaphase?
In anaphase the chromosomes separate and move along the spindle to the poles of the cells
What is transcription
DNA to RNA segments of DNA are served as templates to create a new opposite RNA strand
A chemical or physical agent in the environment this can include pesticides and tobacco smoke. If DNA is exposed to these agents a high risk of mutations can occur.
What is the difference between a chromosome and a chromatin?
A chromosome is a tightly coiled group of DNA a chromatin is unwound DNA
What are the two phases of cell division?
Mitosis and cytokinesis
In telophase the chromosomes spread out into chromatid
What is translation?
RNA-Protein A sequence of codons, three bases, pair with Ani- codons giving them the proteins to start a polypeptide chain that will only end at a stop codon, a codon without an amino acid
Chromosomal mutations
Mutations that change the number or structure of the entire chromosome, they can change the number of copies of some genes or their location. they include; deletions, duplications, inversion, and translocation.
What is a duplicated chromosome called?
A sister chromatid
list the entire sequence of the cell cycle
G1, S, G2, mitosis, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, and cytokinesis
What happens in cytokinesis
Cytokinesis finishes the process by finally splitting the cell in two.