Manipulations
The type of manipulation most frequently used in research.
What is straightforward manipulation?
This design uses different participants in each group of the experiment.
What is a between-subjects design (also known as independent groups design)?
This disadvantage of a within subjects design is due to the sequence in which the each condition appears for the participant.
What is order effect?
Allows for the exploration of more detailed relationship by increasing this about the independent variable.
What are the number of levels of the independent variable?
The type of validity that is stronger in experimental designs than non-experimental designs.
What is internal validity?
Only this type of variable can be manipulated.
What is an independent variable?
This design uses participants as their own controls.
What is a within-subjects design (also known as repeated measures design)?
This effect is created when a dependent variable measure is too easy.
What is a ceiling effect?
A ceiling effect is when a measure of a dependent variable is too easy, resulting in participants quickly reaching maximum level of performance.
Allows for the exploration of more complex situations, closer to those of the real-world, by allowing for the increase in number of this in the study design.
What is increasing the number of independent variables?
Also allows for the exploration of interaction effect by including more than one IV.
Experimental designs control for this through randomization and/or experimental control.
What are confounding variables?
The term for the influence the order of the manipulations may have on the results.
What is order effect?
When matching participants on a specific variable for a matched pairs design, the matching variable cannot be related to this.
What is the dependent variable?
This effect is a result of a dependent variable measure being too difficult.
What is a floor effect?
A floor effect occurs when a dependent variable measure is too difficult, participants cannot perform well.
Participants were randomly assigned to read a short story printed in either 12-point or 14-point font in one of three font styles: Courier, Times New Roman, or Arial. Afterwards they answered several question designed to measure memory recall. This study has this number of independent variables and this number of experimental conditions.
What are two independent variables (font size and font style) and six experimental conditions (2x3 factorial design)?
Randomization, blinding, and manipulated variable are all characteristics of this very broad category of study methods.
What is experimental study designs?
The two main advantages of a staged manipulation.
What are "trying to simulate a real-world situation" and "trying to create a psychological state in participants?"
Order effect, practice effect, fatigue effect, and carryover effect are all possible disadvantages of this study design approach.
What is the within-subjects or repeated measures design?
Helps to overcome practice effect and order effect.
What is counterbalancing?
Participants were randomly assigned to read a short story printed in either 12-point or 14-point font in one of three font styles: Courier, Times New Roman, or Arial. Afterwards they answered several question designed to measure memory recall. This study has this number of possible main effects and this number of possible interactions.
What is two possible main effects (because of two IVs) and one possible interaction (IV1 x IV2)?
What is to determine if you actually manipulated the variable as intended based on the perception of the participants? or What is to help rule out poor manipulation as a reason for non-significant results (thus indicating the results are due to poor dependent variable measure, no existing relationship, or something else other than poor IV manipulation)?
When you suspect a curvilinear relationship, when the situation is rare in the real world, when the action would be unethical, and when the relationship is already established are all examples of when you should NOT do this.
What is use the strongest manipulation possible of the independent variable?
The number of participants in a 2x3 mixed factorial design with 15 participants in each condition and includes a participant variable with three levels.
What is 45 participants?
15 participants in each of the three participant variable levels which participate in both levels of the other independent variable.
The two effects (disadvantages of a within-subject or repeat measure design) which attending to an unrelated task during a time interval helps to address.
What are carryover and fatigue effects?
The number of participants in a 2x3 mixed factorial design with 15 participants in each condition and includes a participant variable with three levels.
What is 45 participants?
15 participants in each of the three participant variable levels which participate in both levels of the other independent variable.
When using multiple measures of the dependent variable you may utilize counterbalancing when order of the measures is known to be an issue. When order is not known to be an issue you should do this instead.
What is present the most important measures first, just in case order ends up being an issue, as it will impact the important variables less by being measured earlier in the order?