Claims
states the argument’s main idea or position; has to be arguable
What is a claim?
occurs when a speaker chooses a deliberately poor or oversimplified example in order to ridicule and refute an idea
What is straw man?
occurs when an analogy compares two things that are not comparable.
What is faulty analogy?
Introduces the reader to the subject under discussion
What is introduction?
uses words like usually, probably, maybe, in most cases, and most likely to temper the claim, making it less absolute
What is qualifier?
asserts that something is true or not true
What is claim of fact?
occurs when evidence boils down to “everybody’s doing it, so it must be a good thing to do.”
What is bandwagon appeal?
Evidence based on something the writer knows, whether it’s from personal experience, observations, or general knowledge of events
What is first-hand evidence?
Provides factual information and background material on the subject at hand or establishes why the subject is a problem that needs addressing
What is narration?
gives voice to possible objections. For an example
proposes a change
What is claim of policy?
occurs when someone who has no expertise to speak on an issue is cited as an authority
What is appeal to false authority?
in which a faulty conclusion is reached because of inadequate evidence
Usually the major part of the text, the confirmation includes the proof needed to make the writer’s case
explains the terms and conditions necessitated by the qualifier
What is reservation?
argues that something is good or bad, right or wrong
What is claim of value?
a claim is based on evidence or support that is in doubt.
What is begging the question?
Evidence that is accessed through research, reading, and investigation. It includes factual and historical information, expert opinion, and quantitative data
What is second-hand evidence?
Addresses the counterargument. It is a bridge between the writer’s proof and conclusion.
What is refutation?
expresses the assumption necessarily shared by the speaker and the audience
What is warrant?
in which the writer repeats the claim as a way to provide evidence
What is circular reasoning?
in which the speaker presents two extreme options as the only possible choices
What is either/or (false dilemma)?
A logical structure that uses the major premise and minor premise to reach a necessary conclusion
What is syllogism?
Brings the essay to a satisfying close
What is conclusion?
Because (evidence as support), therefore (claim), since (warrant or assumption), on account of (backing), unless (reservation)
What is Toulmin model?