Ch. 1 Levels of Organization
Ch 2 The Chemical Level of Organization
Ch 3 Cellular Level of Organization
Ch 4 Tissue Level of Organization
Ch 4 Tissue Level of Organization
100

Describe anatomical position

Hands are at sides with palms facing forward, and feet are together

100

Cations vs. Anions

Cations:Ions with a positive charge

Anions: Ions with a negative charge

100

Passive vs Active Transport

Passive transport: does not require ATP, moves with concentration gradient 

Active transport:requires ATP, moves up/against concentration gradient

100

What are the four types of tissue?

  • Epithelial
  • Connective
  • Muscle
  • Nervous
100
  • What is the location and functions of skeletal muscle tissue? What does it look like?

Location: combined with connective tissues and neural tissue in skeletal muscles 

Functions:

  • Moves/stabilizes position of skeleton
  • Guards entrances and exits to digestive, respiratory and urinary tracts
  • Generates heat
  • Protects internal organs
  • Cells are long, cylindrical, striated, and multinucleate
200

Levels of organization (smallest to largest)

atoms, molecules, cells, tissues, organs, organ system, organism

200

Function and Major types of Carbohydrates

  • Most important as energy source
  • Major types: monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides
200

Describe what happens when a cell is placed in a hypotonic, hypertonic, and isotonic solution.

  • Hypotonic: water flows into cell, cell swells
  • Isotonic: no flow, no change
  • Hypertonic: water flows out of cell, cell shrinks
200

What are the functions of epithelial tissue?

  • Provide physical protection
  • Control permeability
  • Provide sensation
  • Produce specialized secretions
200

What is the location and functions of cardiac muscle tissue? What does it look like?

  • Location: heart 
  • Functions:
  • Circulates blood
  • Maintains blood pressure
  • Cells are short, branched and striated, usually with a single nucleus. Cells connected by intercalated discs
300

What are the sectional planes?

frontal (coronal), sagittal (midsagittal or parasagittal), transverse

300

What are the four types of reactions? Write formulas

  • Decomposition (hydrolysis) (catabolism)
  • Synthesis (dehydration synthesis) (anabolism)
  • Exchange
  • Reversible
300

List organelles/structures found in cell

  • Plasma Membrane
  • Nucleus
  • Cytoskeleton
  • Microvilli
  • Centrioles
  • Cilia
  • Ribosomes
  • Proteasomes
  • Rough endoplasmic reticulum
  • Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
  • Golgi apparatus
  • Lysosomes
  • Peroxisomes
  • Mitochondria
300

Describe the 3 types of cell junctions and where are they found?

  • Gap junctions: two cells are held together by two embedded interlocking transmembrane proteins (connexons). Common among epithelial cells where movement of ions help coordinate functions
  • Tight junctions: lipid portions of the two plasma membranes are tightly bound together by interlocking membrane proteins. Can be found in digestive tract to isolate lumen.
  • Desmosomes: CAMs and proteoglycans link opposing plasma membranes. Found between cells in superficial layers of skin
300
  • What are the three types of loose connective tissue?
  • What are the three types of dense connective tissue?

Loose Connective tissue:Areolar, Adipose, Reticular

Dense Connective tissue: Dense Regular Connective Tissue, Dense Irregular Connective Tissue, Elastic Tissue

400

autoregulation vs extrinsic regulation

Autoregulation: process that occurs when a cell, tissue, organ, or organ system adjusts in response to some environmental change

Extrinsic regulation: process that results from the activities of the nervous system or endocrine system

400
Name the different kinds of bonds

Ionic, Covalent bonds (single, double, Polar, Nonpolar) hydrogen

400

What are the three types of diffusion?

  • Simple diffusion:Molecules enter and leave cell by diffusing through phospholipid bilayer
  • Facilitated diffusion: substances passively transported across membrane by carrier proteins
  • Osmosis:net diffusion of water across a membrane
400

List the different types of epithelial tissue

  • Simple squamous
  • Stratified squamous
  • Simple cuboidal
  • Stratified cuboidal
  • Simple columnar
  • Stratified columnar
  • Pseudostratified columnar
  • Transitional
400

What is the location and functions of smooth muscle tissue? What does it look like?

  • Locations: found in walls of blood vessels and in digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive organs
  • Functions:
  • Moves food, urine, and reproductive tract secretions
  • Controls diameter of respiratory pathways and blood vessels
  • Cells are short, spindle shaped, and nonstriated, with a single, central nucleus
500

Negative and positive feedback, give examples

Negative feedback:corrective mechanism that opposes or negates a variation from normal limits Ex:thermoregulation

Positive feedback:mechanism that increases a deviation from normal limits after an initial stimulus Ex:blood clotting

500

What are the five main types of lipids and what are their functions?

  • Fatty acids: energy source
  • Eicosanoids: chemical messengers coordinating local cellular activites
  • Glycerides: energy source, energy storage, insulation, physical protection
  • Steroids: structural component of plasma membranes, hormones, digestive secretions in bile
  • Phospholipids/glycolipids: structural components of plasma membranes
500

What is endocytosis and what are the three main types?

Endocytosis is the packaging of extracellular materials into a vesicle for transport into cell

Types:

Receptor-mediated endocytosis

Pinocytosis

Phagocytosis

500

What are the functions of connective tissue?

  • Establishing a structural framework for body
  • Transporting fluids and dissolved materials
  • Protect delicate organs
  • Supporting, surrounding and interconnecting other tissue types
  • Storing energy
  • Defending the body from invading microorgansims
500

Describe the parts of a neuron

  • Cell body: large, with a nucleus and a prominent nucleolus
  • Dendrites: Many branching processes extending from cell body. Receive information
  • Axon: Very long and slender. Conducts information to other cells
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