Gender & Style
Women use standard variants of stable variables and innovative variants of variables experiencing change from above and below.
What is Labov’s Three Principles of Gender and Language Behavior
In this type of experiment, listeners hear the same person saying the same thing in slightly different ways and is asked to judge the speaker on several scales.
What is matched-guise?
This era is characterized by an interest in language variation with respect to broad, social categories.
What is the “first wave” of sociolinguistics?
(2 answers): In diglossic situations, this gets used in classroom or religious contexts. This gets used when discussing taboo or comedic topics.
What is the high variety? What is the low variety? (must be in correct order)
This occurs when the last speaker of a language dies.
What is language death?
A term that refers to any variety of speech associated with a particular social group or context.
What is register?
“What’s up?” (when used as a greeting, e.g. running into someone at the park)
What is a phatic expression?
This era is characterized by an interest in language variation with respect to an individual’s attitudes and/or ideologies.
What is the 'third wave' of sociolinguistics?
This term describes the phenomenon like when a bilingual uses English with their teacher but a heritage language with their mother.
What is situational code-switching?
This describes the concrete measures put in place to affect the role or status of a language in a community.
What is language policy?
This model predicts that an individual will engage in more formal styles when they more carefully monitor their speech.
What is the attention-to-speech model?
These are the (three) key components of any conversation.
What are openings, closings, and turn-taking?
Labov’s (1963) study at Martha’s Vineyard found that locals varied in how much they performed the local dialect relative to this.
What is their attitude towards life on the island?
These are more typically incorporated from one language into another.
What are words (lexical items)?
This term describes when an immigrant community continues to speak their heritage language despite competition from an outside, typically more dominant language.
What is language maintenance?
Women use the standard variants more than men; and women use the innovative variants more than men.
What is the gender paradox?
Give one specific example of a case where linguistic attitudes have been shown to affect language use. Provide one word to illustrate.
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This study found that a person’s social group identity best predicted whether they adopted the Northern Cities Shift in the pronunciation of their vowels.
What is Eckert’s (1989) Jocks and Burnouts study at Belten High
2 answers: This can arise when two (or more) speech communities come into contact but their varieties are not mutually intelligible. This arises when the first answer has native speakers.
What are pidgin and creole?
This term describes when subsequent generations of immigrant families learn only the dominant language of the local community.
What is language shift?
This model predicts that an individual will change their speech style with respect to their interlocutor as well as others who may be around.
What is the audience design model?
S.P.E.A.K.I.N.G.
(Setting, Participants, Ends, Act sequence, Key, Instrumentalities, Norms, Genre)
What are the basic components of a speech event?
This era is characterized by an interest in the language behavior of locally-salient, social groups.
What is the “second wave” of sociolinguistics?
“garage” underwent this process as it was incorporated into English.
What is nativization?
Give one example of each of the following: language death, shift, maintenance.
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