Early Native American Groups
Name the 4 major regions inhabited by various Native American tribes.
Northeast, Great Plains, Southwest, Texas
These Spanish Monarchs sponsored Columbus's Voyage in 1492.
Hint: They are sometimes referred to as The Catholic Monarchs
King Ferdinand and Queen Isabela
Name the 4 regions of British American colonies ranging from North to South
1. New England
2. Middle Colonies
3. Chesapeake Colonies
4. Southern Colonies
During this revolt in 1680, about 2,000 Native Americans under a leader named Pope successfully drove Spanish occupiers out of New Mexico for over 10 years.
Pueblo Revolt
Native Americans of this region depended heavily on the bison/American buffalo for food, shelter, clothing, and more.
Great Plains
This term refers to the exchange of plants, animals, and microbes between the Old World and the New World.
Columbian Exchange
Describe the Social Structure of the British American colonies. Consider things such as:
Which social group was made up by the majority of society? Which social group was made by the minority? Who held the highest social status? Who held the lowest?
-Wealthy Planters (Highest Status, minority)
-Small Farmers and former indentured servants
-Indentured servants and poor laborers (lowest status, majority)
This armed conflict between British Colonists and Native Americans was ended by the Treaty of Hartford in 1638.
The Pequot War
Tribes such as the Huron and Iroquois migrated throughout this region from season to season
Northeast
Ranking from highest to lowest authority, name the members/groups that made up the Spanish Bureaucracy during the period of early European exploration of the Americas.
King and Queen (In coalition with the Catholic Church, whose bureaucracy is also gaining a foothold in the Americas)
Council of the Indies
Viceroys
Local officials
Describe some defining features of the New England colonies. Consider factors such as:
Who were the settlers? What brought them to the Americas? How were these colonies governed? What ideals were important to these settlers? Who typically managed work and labor? What was the major basis of economics in these colonies?
Settlers were typically members of wealthy or middle class Puritan families who were in search of religious freedom. Their communities were typically widespread tight-knit and self-governing. Settlers placed heavy emphasis on school and religion. The regions economy depended mainly on small family farms.
Name two major goods acquired through trade with European colonists which significantly changed the way of life for many Native Americans. To earn points you must also explain how each good changed life for Native Americans.
Ex: Guns and alcohol; guns led to more hunting, and changed methods of warfare; alcohol contributed to various social problems
Name one Indian group that was primary nomadic, and one that was primarily sedentary.
Nomadic:
Navajo, Apache, Karankawa...
Sedentary:
Pueblos, Caddo
These 4 major changes enabled European exploration in the late 1400s. To earn points, you must explain or give an example of each.
1. Population growth
-End of Bubonic plague which had wiped out ⅓-½ of Europe’s population
2. Growth of commerce
-Birth of merchant class (higher demand for trade)
-Crusades (1096-1291) exposed Europeans to eastern goods (i.e., silk, spices, porcelain, and tea)
-Trade routes between Europe and Asia were controlled; Arabs controlled land trade routes; Italians controlled sea trade routes
3. Advances in Ocean Navigation
-Magnetic compass, astrolabe, caravel, etc.
4. Creation of more powerful, united governments
-Ex: Spain
Describe some unique factors of the Southern British colonies.
Consider factors such as:
The purpose of the colonies, the major economic basis of these colonies, and the labor force of these colonies.
The Southern British American colonies could be referred to as "colonies of colonies." The major purpose of these colonies was to provide raw materials to other British colonies in the Caribbean. The economy of these colonies was based primarily off of staple crops such as rice. The labor force of the Southern Colonies depended heavily on slavery.
During this conflict which lasted from 1675-1676, a multi-tribal coalition of Native Americans fought against British colonization killing anywhere from 1,000 to 2,500 British colonists. The fight was ended when the leader of the Native American coalition was captured and executed. His body was dismembered and his head was placed on a pike to deter further rebellion from Native Americans.
To Earn Points, you must name the conflict, and the Native American leader whose death ended the conflict.
King Phillip's War; Metacom (King Phillip)
Give two examples in which early Native American groups used different means to survive in Similar environments; explain what was different about each group's approach towards survival. (Were they nomadic or sedentary? Were they primarily hunter/gatherers, or agriculturalists?)
Pueblo vs. Navajo and Apache, Karankawas vs. Caddo
Describe the encomienda system, then name the system that replaced it, and explain how these two systems differed.
Encomienda system
-Colonists (encomenderos) given right to use a tract of land
-Includes labor of all natives living on the land and collect tribute (through labor and/or taxes)
-In return encomenderos are expected to pay taxes to the crown and convert and protect NAs
Replacement System
-Repartimiento System, replaced encomienda system by 1550s
Repartimiento System vs. Encomienda System
-Under the Repartimiento System, NAs were only required to perform a fixed amount of labor in a set amount of time
List 7 defining Characteristics which made the Chesapeake colonies unique
1. Tobacco was a major staple crop
2. Few Towns
3. Get-Rick-Quick Attitude
4. Hunger for Land and labor
5. Indentured Servitude was the main source of labor
6. Few Women and Families
7. Highly Stratified society
This Catholic Monk/ Religious Scholar spoke out against the harsh treatment of Native Americans by Spanish colonizers. To earn points, you must also name two of his written works that covered the subject, as well as the year that each was written.
Bartolome De Las Casas
History of the Indies (1528)
A Short Account of the Destruction of the Indies (1542)