Structure and Function of Body Structures
Which of the following is the smallest contractile unit of skeletal muscle?
a. myosin
b. sarcomere
c. epimysium
d. sarcolemma
b. sarcomere
7. Anatomical Planes
Which anatomical plane divides the body into left and right sections?
a. sagittal
b. transverse
c. perpendicular
d. frontal
a. sagittal
The Krebs cycle occurs in which portion of the cell?
a. mitochondria
b. nucleus
c. membrane
d. cytoplasm
a. mitochondria
All of the following hormones use a second messenger to cause effects in the body EXCEPT
a. norepinephrine
b. serotonin
c. cortisol
d. insulin
c. cortisol
_______________ is the enlargement of muscle fiber cross-sectional area, and _______________ is the increase in the number of muscle fibers via longitudinal fiber splitting.
a. Muscle density; hypoplasia
b. Hypertrophy; hyperplasia
c. Hypertrophy; muscle density
d. Hyperplasia; hypoplasia
b. Hypertrophy; hyperplasia
Which of the following describes Type I muscle fibers?
a. inefficient and easily fatigable
b. rapid force development capabilities
c. high myosin ATPase activity
d. fatigue resistant with high aerobic energy supply
d. fatigue resistant with high aerobic energy supply
Which of the following is the resistive force encountered when one attempts to move an object while it is pressed against another object?
a. friction
b. inertia
c. obstruction
d. gravity
a. friction
Two athletes are competing in upcoming competitions, a weightlifting meet and a marathon. Which energy systems will each be primarily using, respectively?
a. oxidative and phosphagen
b. glycolytic and phosphagen
c. oxidative and glycolytic
d. phosphagen and oxidative
d. phosphagen and oxidative
All of the following are adaptations of the endocrine system to resistance training EXCEPT
a. amount of hormone synthesis
b. time needed for hormone clearance through the liver
c. number of receptors in muscle tissue
d. type of hormones released
d. type of hormones released
As an adaptation to anaerobic training, which of the following is the benefit of the myotatic reflex harnessing the involuntary elastic properties of muscle?
a. decreased reflex magnitude
b. decreased reflex potentiation
c. increased force production
d. increased energy expenditure
c. increased force production
Which of the following describes the flow of blood?
a. right atrium, right ventricle, lungs, left atrium, left ventricle, body
b. left ventricle, left atrium, body, right ventricle, right atrium, lungs
c. body, right ventricle, left ventricle, lungs, right atrium, left atrium
d. right ventricle, right atrium, body, left ventricle, left atrium, lungs
a. right atrium, right ventricle, lungs, left atrium, left ventricle, body
Eighty-five to ninety percent of all intervertebral disk herniations occur at what two locations?
a. T4-T5 and T5-L1
b. L4-L5 and L5-S1
c. T5-L1 and S1-S2
d. S1-S2 and L3-L4
b. L4-L5 and L5-S1
Which of the following describes the portion of the total energy cost of exercise that must be supplied through anaerobic mechanisms due to the slow response of the aerobic system to the initial increase in the demand for energy?
a. oxygen debt
b. recovery O2
c. oxygen deficit
d. EPOC
c. oxygen deficit
Polypeptide hormones are made of chains of which of the following substances?
a. polypeptides
b. secondary messengers
c. amino acids
d. mRNA
c. amino acids
Minimal essential strain is the minimal threshold stimulus needed to cause which of the following changes?
a. tendon formation
b. muscular development
c. bone formation
d. hormone production
c. bone formation
The chronotropic effect is caused by stimulation of the _______________ nervous system and causes the heart rate to _______________.
a. parasympathetic; decrease
b. parasympathetic; increase
c. sympathetic; decrease
d. sympathetic; increase
d. sympathetic; increase
Which of the muscles or muscle groups have a fusiform pennation?
a. deltoid
b. biceps brachii
c. rectus femoris
d. tibialis posterior
b. biceps brachii
Which of the following is a branched-chain amino acid?
a. alanine
b. aspartate
c. glutamate
d. isoleucine
d. isoleucine
When one examines the effects of a resistance training program via peripheral blood hormone levels, which of the following is false?
a. Higher blood hormone levels do not indicate higher receptor interaction probability.
b. Higher blood hormone levels do not indicate the status of receptor populations.
c. Increases in circulatory concentrations mean an increase in hormone release if plasma volume stays constant.
d. Increases in peripheral hormones must be bound to a receptor in order to be realized.
a. Higher blood hormone levels do not indicate higher receptor interaction probability.
Which of the following areas of the pulmonary system is not functional for gas exchange in healthy athletes?
a. bronchi
b. bronchioles
c. physiological dead space
d. anatomical dead space
d. anatomical dead space
Which of the following is the order of the phases of a muscle contraction?
a. contraction, relaxation, excitation-contraction coupling, recharge, resting
b. excitation-contraction coupling, relaxation, contraction, resting, recharge
c. resting, excitation-contraction coupling, contraction, recharge, relaxation
d. relaxation, recharge, excitation-contraction coupling, resting, contraction
c. resting, excitation-contraction coupling, contraction, recharge, relaxation
As an athlete's body size increases, which of the following describes how body mass and muscular strength change?
a. Muscular strength increases more rapidly than body mass.
b. Body mass increases more rapidly than muscular strength.
c. Muscular strength and body mass increase at the same rate.
b. Body mass increases more rapidly than muscular strength.
During higher-intensity exercises, athletes often experience peripheral fatigue. Which of the following is believed to be the reason for this type of fatigue?
a. lactate
b. increase in muscle pH
c. gluconeogenesis
d. metabolic acidosis
d. metabolic acidosis
Which of the following is a physiological role of growth hormone and its superfamily?
a. decreased protein synthesis
b. decreased lipolysis
c. increased glycogen synthesis
d. increased immune cell function
d. increased immune cell function
Which of the following is a potential marker of aerobic overtraining?
a. decreased submaximal exercise heart rate
b. decreased total testosterone concentration
c. increased heart rate variability
d. increased body fat percentage
b. decreased total testosterone concentration