review
If the nerve that passes over the neck of the fibula were damaged, one would expect a loss of each of the following EXCEPT
A) ability to dorsiflex the foot
B) ability to evert the foot C)sensation between the first and second toes D)sensation over the lateral leg and dorsum of the foot E) sensation over the medial leg
E) sensation over the medial leg
A 19-year-old woman comes to the physician because of a 5- day history of increasingly severe right lower abdominal pain and bloody vaginal discharge. Her last menstrual period was 8 weeks ago. Abdominal examination shows exquisite tenderness of the right lower quadrant. A serum pregnancy test result is positive. Ultrasonography shows no gestational sac in the uterus. Which of the following is the most likely location of this patient’s fertilized egg?
A) Cervix
B) Peritoneum of the right lower abdominal wall
C)Rectouterine pouch (of Douglas)
D)Right fallopian tube
E) Right ovary
D)Right fallopian tube
A protein has one transmembrane domain composed entirely of alpha-helical secondary structure. Which of the following amino acids would you expect to find in the transmembrane domain?
A) Proline
B) Glutamate
C) Lysine
D) Leucine
E) Arginine
D) Leucine
Cross-linking of collagen to form mature collagen fibrils occurs at which of the following sites?
A) Cytoplasm
B) Extracellular space
C)Golgi apparatus
D)Rough endoplasmic reticulum
E) Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
B) Extracellular space
A 20-year-old woman presents at the emergency department with severe abdominal pain on the right side with signs of internal bleeding. She indicated that she has been sexually active without contraception and missed her last menstrual period. Based on this information, which of the following disorders must be included as an option in the diagnosis?
A) Ovarian cancer
B) Appendicitis
C)Normal pregnancy
D)Ectopic tubal pregnancy
E) Toxemia of pregnancy
D)Ectopic tubal pregnancy
Cells from the yolk sac will form the structure labeled X , which fills the space between the trophoblast externally and the amnion and yolk sac internally. What is the name of this structure.
A) Extraembryonic mesoderm B) Extraembryonic dermatome C)Extraembryonic coelom D)Extra secondary mesoderm
A) Extraembryonic mesoderm
The sputum (fluid coughed up from the lungs) of many smokers contain cells with mutations (errors) in the genes for p53. The smoking induced mutations appear to be an early signal showing that cancer of the lungs will follow. What is the likely relationship between early p53 mutation and the development of lung cancer?
A) Mutations in p53 would prevent abnormal cells from dying by apoptosis
B) Mutant p53 triggers the M phase of the cell cycle leading to abnormal cell division
C)p53 causes a cell to enter G2, blocking cell division
D)p53 with a mutation directly stimulates the growth of cancer cells
A) Mutations in p53 would prevent abnormal cells from dying by apoptosis
A healthy, 32-year-old man lifts weights regularly as part of his workout. In one of his biceps muscle fibers at rest, the length of the I band is 1.0 micrometers and the A band is 1.5 micrometers. Contraction of that muscle fiber results in a 10% shortening of the length of the sarcomere. What is the length of the A band after the shortening produced by muscle contraction?
A) 1.5 micrometers
B) 1.35 micrometers
C)1.0 micrometers
D)0.9 micrometers
E) 0.45 micrometers
A) 1.5 micrometers
A 27-year-old male painter is admitted to the hospital after falling from a ladder. Physical examination reveals that the patient is unable to abduct his arm more than 15° and cannot rotate the arm laterally. A radiographic examination reveals an oblique fracture of the humerus. He has associated sensory loss over the shoulder area. Which of the following injuries will most likely correspond to the symptoms of the physical examination?
A) Fracture of the medial epicondyle
B) Fracture of the glenoid fossa
C)Fracture of the surgical neck of the humerus
D)Fracture of the anatomic neck of the humerus
E) Fracture of the middle third of the humerus
C)Fracture of the surgical neck of the humerus
When does formation of primary spermatocytes begin?
A) During week 4 of embryonic life
B) During month 5 of fetal life
C)At birth
D)During month 5 of infancy
E) At puberty
E) At puberty
A 33-year-old male worker from the local newspaper has been admitted after accidentally ingesting quantities of typemetal dust from the print room floor. His symptoms include headache, vomiting and diarrhea. Since you recall that typemetal contains large amounts of arsenic as a hardening agent you diagnose his condition as arsenic poisoning and he is started on a regimen of Succimer, a chelating agent that removes arsenic from blood proteins. The arsenic metabolite arsenate interferes with which of the following enzymes of glycolysis?
A) Enolase
B) Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase C) Hexokinase
D)Phosphoglycerate kinase
E) Phosphoglycerate mutase
F) Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex
B) Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase
Release of synaptic transmitter can be controlled by the:
1) state of polarization of presynaptic membrane
2) number of activated presynaptic Ca2+ channels
3) cyclic nucleotide cascade
4) open time of postsynaptic chemically gated channels
A) 1,2,3 only
B) 1,3 only
C)2,4 only
D)4 only
E) All are correct
A) 1,2,3 only
A 35-year-old male wrestler is admitted to the emergency department with excruciating pain in his right shoulder and proximal arm. During physical examination the patient clutches the arm at the elbow with his opposite hand and is unable to move the injured limb. Radiographic studies show that the patient has a dislocation of the humerus at the glenohumeral joint. Which of the following conditions is the most likely?
A) The head of the humerus is displaced anteriorly B) The head of the humerus is displaced posteriorly C)The head of the humerus is displaced inferiorly D)The head of the humerus is displaced superiorly E) The head of the humerus is displaced medially
C)The head of the humerus is displaced inferiorly
The skeletal system develops via a process known as ossification, in which bones are created from preexisting mesoderm. By which of the following processes do the long bones ossify?
A) Chondrocytes deposit minerals directly from the mesoderm
B) Osteoblasts deposit minerals directly from the mesoderm
C)Osteoblasts deposit minerals over a hyaline cartilage mold D)Osteoclasts deposit minerals over a hyaline cartilage mold
C)Osteoblasts deposit minerals over a hyaline cartilage mold
A 50-year-old man with type 2 diabetes mellitus has a 1- week history of swelling and a feeling “like electric shocks” in his right wrist and hand. He is a computer programmer, and the shock-like feeling is worse with activity and at the end of the day. There is atrophy of the right thenar eminence. With the hand hyperextended, pain radiates into the fingers when the examiner taps the flexor surface of the distal wrist. Which of the following nerves is most likely compressed in this patient?
A) Deep radial
B) Median
C) Musculocutaenous
D)Radial ulnar
E) Superficial radial
B) Median
Which regulator inhibits carnitine-palmitoyl transferase I when fatty acid synthesis is active?
A) Carnitine
B) Citrate C)Fatty acyl CoA D)Malonyl CoA E) Pyruvate
D)Malonyl CoA
A 48-year-old man has hepatic cancer that is unresponsive to standard therapy. He enrolls in a clinical study of a novel chemotherapeutic agent that, as a side effect, blocks kinesin, a component of the cellular microtubular transport system. One week later, he develops skeletal muscle weakness. An alteration in which of the following components of the neuromuscular junction is the most likely cause of the muscle weakness?
A) A decrease in the number of postsynaptic neurotransmitter receptors
B) A decrease in the number of presynaptic neurotransmitter vesicles
C)A decrease in the presynaptic neuron calcium permeability
D)Impaired alpha-motoneuron action potential conduction
E) Impaired skeletal muscle action potentail conduction
B) A decrease in the number of presynaptic neurotransmitter vesicles
Diarrhea is an example of:
A) isosmotic volume expansion
B) isosmotic volume contraction
C)hyperosmotic volume expansion
D)hyperosmotic volume contraction
E) hyposmotic volume expansion
F) hyposmotic volume contraction
B) isosmotic volume contraction
A 2-year-old boy who recently emigrated from Somalia is brought to the physician because of a 1-day history of pain of his arms and legs. Physical examination shows pale mucous membranes and hepatosplenomegaly. Laboratory studies show a hemoglobin concentration of 8 g/dL. A peripheral blood smear shows sickle cells. Genetic analyses show a point mutation in the beta-globin gene leading to a change of a GAG codon (glutamate) to a GUG codon (valine). Which of the following anticodons is most likely in the tRNA for valine?
A) CAC
B) CTU
C) CUC
D) GAC
E) GCC
A) CAC
What single characteristic MOST clearly determines whether a neurotransmitter is inhibitory or excitatory?
A) The total concentration of calcium ion intracellularly
B) The concentration of neurotransmitter at the post-synaptic site
C)The ion channel respond to neurotransmitter-receptor interaction
D)The intrinsic chemical nature of the neurotransmitter
E) The site of action of neurotransmitter on the post-synaptic target cell
C)The ion channel respond to neurotransmitter-receptor interaction
Which of the following tissues are best described as avascular?
A) Compact bone
B) Loose connective tissue
C)Hyaline cartilage
D)Dense regular connective tissue
E) Dense irregular connective
C)Hyaline cartilage
The hormone Glucagon activate all of the following except:
A) Phosphorylase kinase
B) Protein kinase A
C)Glycogen phosphorylase
D) Glucogneogenesis
E) Glycogenesis
E) Glycogenesis
The transfer of electrons from FADH2 group of succinate dehydrogenase to oxygen through the electron transport chain
A) bypasses site II of ATP synthesis
B) involves cytochrome P450
C)involves the FMN group of the NADH dehydrogenase complex
D)involves the reduction and oxidation of ubiquinone
E) yields a P:O ratio of 3
D)involves the reduction and oxidation of ubiquinone
Although muscle cells synthesize and degrade glycogen, the glucose monomers released cannot be exported to other tissues, because these cells lack:
A) Glycosyl-alpha 4,6-Transferase
B) Glucose-6-phosphatase
C)Glycogen synthase
D) Phosphoglucomutase
E) Pyrophosphorylas
B) Glucose-6-phosphatase
he concept of “learned helplessness” originates from animal experiments in which the experimenter prevents
A) stimulus generalization
B) spontaneous recovery
C)extinction behavior
D)avoidance behavior
E) mother-infant bonding
D)avoidance behavior