Primary Texts
"Let no possessions keep you back, no solicitude for your property. Your land is shut in on all sides by the sea and mountains, and is too thickly populated. There is not much wealth here, and the soil scarcely yields enough to support you. On this account you kill and devour each other, and carry on war and mutually destroy each other."
Which text does this come from?
URBAN II, SPEECH AT THE COUNCIL OF CLERMONT (1095)
Bonus: what were two major "selling points" offered by Urban that motivated some of the first crusaders?
This model helps explain how future generations of states can draw on ideological heritage and institutions of previous states to build off
The Dynamic Model
Peaks and Valleys!
Faxian (Fa-Hsien) who traveled the Silk Road visiting Buddhist sites what this type of a religious devotee.
A Monk
Daily Double!
(Bet 2x your points or up to 500 if <0)
While the first Crusade made it to the holy lands of Jerusalem, the later Crusaders were not as succesful. Particularly, in the 4th Crusade, the armies stopped after sacking this major city, who'se leaders had been long weary of the crusading forces...
The 5 pillars of Islam consist of these...
Declaring the Creed
Pray 5 times a day towards Mecca
Giving alms to the poor
Fasting each day during month of Ramadan
Pilgrimage to Mecca
This battle marked the limits of the Muslim expansion into Europe, facing defeat at the hands of Charles Martel and the Franks
The Battle of Poitiers (732) [Tours]
Bonus: in this text what does the author blame as the defining aspect of the Muslim military's downfall?
Infrastructure was one of the most important aspects for an empire's success, name two infrastructure developments underneath the Sui Dynasty in China
Expanded Great Wall, creation of masive canal systems, construction of elaborate palace at Luoyang (tho negative)
The Dhimmi status was given to Christians and Jews who accepted Muslim rule
True or False?
True!
Bonus: name two limitations placed upon the Dhimmi groups through Muslim laws
This 4th generation Mesoamerican state came to power through a tripartite agreement with two weaker states and rapidly built off of neighboring regions' economic centers
The Aztecs/ Aztec Empire
(Mexica also good)
“Convivencia” meaning, “living together” refers to the coexistence of which three religions?
Islam, Christianity and Judaism
Bonus: Who is viewed to be the father of these three religions?
Discovered in 1907, these texts helped expose this early-Iranian diaspora along the eastern end of the silk route in the 4th century, sheding light on social experiences on this major trading network
The Sogdian Letters
The following terms are examples of "this" type of cultural interaction process:
Mozarab, Muwallad, Morisco, Tornadizo, Conversos, Marranos
Acculturation!
Mozarab- Christians under Islamic rule
Muwallad- Christians converted to Islam or Muslims of mixed descent in Christian Spain
Morisco- Muslims under Christian rule
Tornadizo- Muslims converted to Christianity
Conversos– Jews converted to Christianity
Marranos– “crypto-Jews”
Free Space!!
Sike!!!!
This term defines the period of nearly 780 years in which Christian forces pushed out Muslim populations from the Iberian peninsula
Name the two fundamentalist Islamic groups that became prominent conquerors of the existing Islamic civilizations in North Africa and the Iberian Peninsula
The Almoravids and the Almohad
Berbers also excepted- but, why are they possibly different from the groups listed above?!
In 755 a prince from this Arabian royalty group escaped death at the hands of the Abbasids and fled to Al Andalus to set up an independent Islamic regime in Cordoba.
Umayyad.
What modern dy country is Al Andalus?
"The emperor, living in the palace, is blocked from direct access to information. For fear that faults might be left untold or defects unattended, he must set up various devices to elicit loyal suggestions and listen attentively to sincere advice. If what is said is right, he must not reject it even though it is offered by a low servant. On the other hand, if what is said is wrong, he must not accept it even though it is given by a high official."
Emperor Taizong on Effective Government
Bonus: What does Taizong have to say about "Extravagance" amongst leaders?
This term was an important focul point of the second half of our quarter, defined as:
acceptance of an action, idea, or person which one dislikes or disagrees with
Tolerance!
Mainly under religious aspects
Bonus: name two states which were known for their religious tolerance! (must be from 2nd half)
The practice of auto-sacrifice, seen in a Maya paintings of Women piercing their toungues, was used as an aspect of elite obligation beacuse of...
Because noble blood is sacred blood, and a noble must make a self-sacrifice by drawing blood from some body part in order to sacrifice their blood to keep the world going. They have a special obligation/right to sacrifice this to make the world run (and an aspect of legitimization for rule).
What Court Physician at Marrakech translated and defended Aristotle?
Averroës (ibn Rushd)
Daily Double!
(Bet 2x your points or up to 500 if <0)
The Hejira refers to the Prophet Muhammad’s flight from Mecca to this city in 622 CE.
"The cities and towns of this country are the greatest of all in the Middle Kingdom. The inhabitants are rich and prosperous, and vie with one another in the practice of benevolence and righteousness...All the poor and destitute in the country, orphans, widowers, and childless men, maimed people and cripples, and all who are diseased, go to those houses, and are provided with every kind of help, and doctors examine their diseases."
Travels of Fa-hsien
A buddhist record of obersavtions in the lands under Gupta rule in India
This theory, originally discussed by Augustine of Hippo, was defined as something to only be waged under the auspices of the state, used for the vindication of justice (defense of life and property, self-defense), and stated that one should hold restraint against their enemy, non-combatants and prisoners
Theory of a "Just War"
Would the Crusaders be able to consider their battle as a "Just War"?
Thanks to the rigid caste system of Medieval India, the Islamic faith was easily able to grab hold amongst the elite classes
True or False?
False!
The caste system indeed made it more difficult to convert the higher-castes Indians
Underneath the Abbasid rule, Christians and Jews were safe to make their own pilgrimages to the holy lands through Anatolia, however, with the emergence of this "group" over the Abbasids, the passage was blocked
Seljuq Turks
Bonus: what was a major fallout of this event?
When referring to terms of the "Dynamic Model", these two empires were aproaching their valleys when the Islamic faith was introduced, allowing Muslim expansion to rise rapidly to its peak
The Byzantine and Persian (Sassanid) Empires