Learning
Long lasting change in behavior, due to experience.
Learning
A desire to perform an activity based on reward or avoidance of punishments. External motivation
Extrinsic motivation
Measure ability or potential in the future.
Aptitude
The knowledge a person has acquired, plus the ability to access that knowledge
Crystallized intelligence
The perception that you control your own fate
Internal Locus of Control
Is reinforcing small steps on the way to the desired behavior. These small steps are called approximations
Shaping
A mental representation of one’s environment
Cognitive maps
Adapted Binet’s tests for use in the United States.The test reported intelligence as a calculated IQ score. Called the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Test.
Lewis Terman
Used factor analysis and discovered that what we see as many different skills is actually one General Intelligence
Charles Spearman
Emphasized nurture (environment) and the minimal role of free-will / mental processes. Used a box (Operant Conditioning Chamber) to prove his concepts
B.F. Skinner
Completion of a constant number of responses
Fixed Ratio
A personality construct associated with a sustained and passionate pursuit of a given interest or long term goal
Grit
Develop good habits and schedules. Set goals, limit the amount of goals, prioritize, conserve self-control, be careful, replenish & Rejuvenate.
Ego Depletion
Responding to a stimulus in order to avoid electric shock is an example of what?
Avoidance conditioning
A condition in which a person suffers from a sense of powerlessness, arising from a traumatic event or persistent failure to succeed.
Learned Helplessness
Through direct experience with animals, small children come to anticipate that dogs will bark and that birds will chirp. This best illustrates what psychological learning concept?
Associative learning
A bias in which our overall impression of a person (a figurative halo) colors our judgment of that person's character
The Halo Effect
A student notes that she scored a lot higher on the AP Psychology exam than she did on her psychology teacher's tests. She would be justified in claiming that the teacher's tests lack.
Predictive validity
In the past 60 years, intelligence scores have risen steadily by an average of 27 points.
Flynn Effect
A gambler’s addiction is a result of what reinforcement schedule?
Variable ratio
Maddie gets a speeding ticket, and her parents take her car away for 2 weeks. This is an example of what reinforcement schedule?
Negative punishment
Leah is interested in helping her daughter learn manners. Each time her daughter says something that is close to appropriate, she rewards her. Eventually, her daughter should learn good manners. What term is explained by this process?
Shaping
Katherine is a gifted psychotherapist who connects well with her patients. Which type of intelligence would she likely use most in her work?
Interpersonal
Under which reinforcement schedule is it most important for an organism to learn to accurately estimate time?
Fixed interval
When an animal receives a punishment but learns that pressing a button will eliminate the punishment, escape learning takes place. However, if there is no response that will turn off the shock, the situation is best described as what?
Learned helplessness