Intro-Molecular Medicine
This type of diagnostic test exposes the patient to potential radiation
What is a Radiologic / Imaging Test?
This percentage of individuals with latent Tuberculosis with later develop 2o TB
What is ~<10%?
The function of type II epithelial cells in alveoli
What is the secretion of surfactant?
The 5 hormones that are derived from Tyrosine
Catecholamines:
• Epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine
Thyroid hormones:
• T3 & T4 hormones
The five steps of digestion
Consumption, Propulsion, Digestion, Absorption, Elimination
The term describing the metabolism / breakdown of drugs in the body
What is Pharmacokinetics?
Sickle cell anemia, Thalassemia, Abnormalities in glucose metabolism
What are natural protections from Malaria?
MRT5005 genetic therapy mechanism of delivery and treatment (brief)
mRNA of desired CFTR protein is encapsulated by nano particle and is ultimately translated in the cell, producing a functional transporter protein
*Can be used for all mutations of CFTR gene
The effects of the type II diabetes drug Metaformin
Reduces insulin resistance (increases sensitivity)
and decreases gluconeogenesis
These are the common symptoms found in hepatitis B during the Icteric phase of infection
Jaundice – yellowing of skin and eyes
Hepatomegaly - Enlarged liver due to inflammation
The existence of viruses violates this idea in cell theory.
What is "All cells are basically the same in chemical composition" (Theory #6)
Malarial drug treatment that targets and inhibits the 30S subunit of prokaryotic ribosome
What is Doxycycline?
This drug treatment is given to adult patients with the F508 mutation
What is Ezacaftor / Ivacaftor (Syndeko) ?
This diabetic drug treatment contains a carbohydrate analogue that mimics a carbohydrate chain, but does not result in increased glucose release
What are Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors?
The drug treatment Entecavir inhibits this molecular process.
What is viral reverse transcription?
The six main challenges with RNAi based therapies.
What is
1) Delivery issue: Can’t be taken as a pill, Instability in the bloodstream (dsRNA )
2) Cellular impermeable (polarity issue)
3) Size (<6 nm: kidney secretion, 30-150 nm: heart, bone marrow, and stomach concentration, 150-300 nm: liver and spleen concentration.)
4) Mechanism of internalization (poorly understood at times)
5) Endosomal escape
6) Off-target effects
Artemisinin induces this type of molecule that results in RBC apoptosis
What are Reactive Oxygen Species?
This is the mechanism that causes short stature in those suffering from cystic fibrosis (CF)
What is failure to thrive?
Mucosal buildup -> blockage of pancreatic ducts -> inhibition of pancreatic juice release -> inability to digest lipids / fat-soluble vitamin deficiency
The cause and symptoms of type I galactosemia.
What is Gal-1-P accumulation due to Galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase mutation (GALT)
Causes liver cytotoxicity and neural damage
After performing a serological test, high levels of Anti-HBs and Anti-HBc indicate what about the patient's medical history?
This patient has been infected with HBV in the past, more than six months from performing the serological test
These are the components of CRISPR, along with their function.
Guide RNA (gRNA): Guides Cas9 endonuclease to perform DNA breaks
Cas9: DNA endonuclease enzyme that performs site-directed double-strand DNA breaks
Possible mechanism of resistance for Isoniazid (INH)
What is mutation in KatG, which will inhibit the conversion of INH to INH* ?
The standard treatment for a person suffering from moderate asthma.
Long action β2 agonists: Prevent strict muscle contractions
Corticosteroids: anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressant
Leukotriene modifiers: Taken as pill, suppresses immune response
In the Guthrie bacterial inhibition assay, high Phenylalanine levels will be be indicated by this level of bacterial growth.
What is high bacterial growth around blood samples containing high concentration of Phe?
The mechanism and physiological result of Larazotide acetate
Competitive inhibitor of zonulin that binds to CXCR3, but inhibits signaling cascade. This causes the epithelial tight junctions in small intestine to remain closed and inhibit gliadin from entering past the epithelium.