Chapter 1
T/F and Questions
T/F and Questions
True or False
three disciplines that have traditionally dominated the study of crime are; Sociology, Psychology, and Psychiatry?
True
Strategies employed by parents to achieve specific academic, social, or athletic goals are called parental ________; whereas parental attitude toward the child and the emotional climate of the parent-child relationship refers to parental ________.
Practices styles
True or False?
Recent research has found that brain stimulation after age five has little impact on growth and development.
False
What is expectancy theory?
Argues that a person's performance level is based on that person's expectation that behaving in a particular way will lead to a given outcome
Early-onset persistent antisocial behavior seems influenced by _____ while late-onset offending is influenced by _____ factors
biological social
The basic premise of strain theory is that crime occurs when?
There is a discrepancy between the materialistic values and goals cherished in our society and the availability of legitimate means for reaching these goals.
Parents' awareness of their child's peer associations, free time activities, and physical whereabouts when outside the home is known as parental
monitoring.
True or false?
Neurological dysfunction due to faulty brain development is strongly linked to pathological violence.
True
How does the frustration induced theory of crime explain the behavior of looters during unexpected events?
Suggests that individuals who commit larceny (thievery) under these situations have materialistic goals (their fair share of middle-class goods) that they have not yet attained. In other words, society has blocked the goals, and now the individual lacks patience and is frustrated. When the opportunity arises, they are there to take it. Like a guy finally having that chance to get that 4K Television.
Most children display aggression in preschool and kindergarten but reduce these behaviors during early school years primarily due to:
Socialization.
True or False?
The most cited source of U.S. crime statistics is the Uniform Crime Reporting Program.
True
True or False?
The permissive style of parenting is highly correlated with delinquent behavior.
True
True or False?
Research on twin studies has shown that, as twins age, the influence of a shared environment increases while the influence of a nonshared environment wanes.
False.
What is self-serving bias?
Where we tend to attribute good things about ourselves to dispositional factors, and bad things to events and forces outside ourselves. Ex. When we do well on an exam, we attribute it to our intelligence but when we fail it, we claim that the exam is rather unfair or poorly designed.
Sarah and Rebecca developed from a single egg, share the same genes, and currently live at 517 Huckleberry Lane, and attend the same school. They are examples of?
Monozygotic, monochorionic, identical twins who share an environment.
According to crime experts, the dark figure represents the most violent crimes.
False
ADHD frequently co-occurs with which diagnostic category?
Mental disorder
True or false?
Temperament is determined largely by genetics.
True.
What conclusions did Stanley Milgram draw from his experiments (the study of the number of electrical shock people were willing to administer to others when ordered to do so by an apparent authority figure)?
65% of participants administered the full range of electricity despite the anxiety, conflict, and discomfort. Milgram suggested that our culture may not provide adequate models for disobedience to authority. he found that the subjects obeyed the experimenter less as physical, auditory, and visual contact with the victim increased. The nearer the experimenter was to the teacher, the more likely to obey. He found no evidence of personality or gender differences, only that the female counterparts tended to be more distressed.
Operant and social learning originated from a school of psychological thought called:
Behaviorism
The _____ perspective on crime is closely linked with the humanistic perspective.
Conformity
According to attachment theory, infants who cling anxiously to their mother without much exploration when placed in new environments are displaying.
Anxious/ambivalent attachment.
TEDS is an acronym for
Twins' Early Development Study.
What is moral disengagement?
The process of freeing oneself from one's own moral standards in order to act against those standards. The unacceptable conduct is usually undertaken under orders from someone higher in authority or under high social pressure. Ex. One has to disengage one's moral principles to avoid self-condemnation. It frees them from the constraints of guilt.
An essential difference between the behavior theory of Watson and Skinner is?
Skinner recognized the existence of private mental events, whereas Watson did not.