Types of Studies
This type of evidence is on the bottom of the evidence hierarchy pyramid.
What are expert opinions, textbooks, or narrative reviews?
If you look at how useful a treatment is under typical clinical conditions, you are studying it's ________
What is it's effectiveness?
This term is used to describe data such as handedness (right, left) or gender (male, female).
What is nominal or dichotomous?
In an experiment, the variable that is being manipulated is the ______variable.
What is the independent variable?
This type of validity refers to the real-life applicability of a study.
What is external validity?
These studies are at the top of the evidence hierarchy pyramid.
What are systematic reviews (and/or meta-analyses)?
This term (prevalence vs. incidence) refers to the number of new cases of a condition over a period of time.
What is incidence?
Manual muscle test grades would be considered this type of data.
What is ordinal data?
When using research notation, the "R" is used to signify this.
What is randomization?
This type of validity refers broadly to the quality of the study.
What is internal validity?
A researcher assesses 3 groups of school children (1st graders, 3rd graders, and 5th graders) on one day to measure vertical jump distance. This study design would be described as:
Cross-sectional design
This term refers to the amount of patients that would need to receive an intervention in order to help one additional patient.
What is Number Needed to Treat?
This term refers to the number that occurs most frequently in a sample.
What is the mode?
In the following research notation, this is the number of times each group was assessed:
R O X1 O O O
O X2 O O O
O X3 O O O
What is 4?
This refers to a threat to internal validity when a large number of participants leave the study.
What is attrition?
A researcher assesses all basketball players at the beginning of the season, then follows them over 4 yrs to determine who tears their ACL. This design is best described as:
What is a cohort design?
If you read the following results, this would be your conclusion:
The exercise group ran faster than the control group after 4 wks (p<0.05; effect size = 0.1.
What are the difference was not due to chance, but it wasn't a large or important difference?
This measure is the average amount each individual score varies from the mean.
What is the standard deviation?
If every 5th person on a membership list is included in a sample, the researchers are using ______sampling.
What is systematic sampling?
This strategy aims to minimize bias by ensuring that neither the PT nor the participant know which group they are in.
This is a retrospective look back into 2 groups histories--how do those with the condition differ than those without?
What is a Case Control Study?
A test developed to identify people with an ankle fracture accurately identifies 85% of those with a fracture (true positive), but only rules out 25% of those without a fracture (true negative.) The sensitivity and specificity for the test would be described as:
What is high sensitivity and low specificity?
If the sample size is too small to be able to show a statistically significant difference, your study is lacking this:
What is power?
In order to be considered a true experiment, a study must meet these 3 criteria:
What are two or more groups, random assignment to groups, and purposeful manipulation of variables?
In order to avoid this validity threat, all participants are analyzed in their original groups, even if they don't complete the study.
What is intent to treat?